Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), originally identified as osteo-inductive components in extracts derived from bone, are now known to play important roles in a wide array of processes during formation and maintenance of various organs including bone, cartilage, muscle, kidney, and blood vessels. BMPs and the related “growth and differentiation factors” (GDFs) are members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, and transduce their signals through type I and type II serine–threonine kinase receptors and their intracellular downstream effectors, including Smad proteins. Furthermore, BMP signals are finely tuned by various agonists and antagonists. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4888821/
BMPの種類と発生および成体における多彩な役割
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are multi-functional growth factors belonging to the Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) superfamily, which is also shared by Growth Differentiation Factors (GDFs), Glial-derived Neurotrophic Factors (GDNFs), Lefty, Inhibins, Activins, Nodal, and Mülllerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) [1,2,3,4,5]. Currently, over 20 BMPs have been identified, making these proteins the largest subgroup within the TGF-β superfamily. BMPs have crucial functions in developmental processes, such as cardiogenesis, digit apoptosis, somite formation, neurogenesis, eye formation, and musculoskeletal development [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. Additionally, BMPs are expressed throughout adulthood, contributing to osteogenesis, adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, programmed cell death, cardiac differentiation, and nervous system maintenance [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. The first BMP was identified in bone in 1965 by Marshall Urist and named BMP-2 [27]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7557435/
The roles and regulatory mechanisms of TGF-β and BMP signaling in bone and cartilage development, homeostasis and disease Mengrui Wu, Shali Wu, Wei Chen & Yi-Ping Li Cell Research volume 34, pages101–123 (2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-023-00918-9
きょうの健康心不全!爆発的拡大に備えろ「心不全は予防できる!」https://www.nhk.jp/p/kyonokenko/ts/83KL2X1J32/episode/te/NR92VV3J44/初回放送日:2019年6月11日 NHK 2018年に公表された『急性・慢性心不全診療ガイドライン』では、心不全に4つのステージが新たに定められました。身体機能低下のグラフと合わせて上に示します。ステージAは心不全の危険因子を抱えている段階です。ステージBは心臓の働きに異常が現れてきた段階です。ステージCは息切れやむくみといった心不全の症状が現れてきた段階です。ステージDは心不全が進行して治療が難しくなった段階