Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability to get or maintain an erection long enough to have sexual intercourse. There are many different causes https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10035-erectile-dysfunction
Effects of Passiflora incarnata Linnaeus on polysomnographic sleep parameters in subjects with insomnia disorder: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study Int Clin Psychopharmacol . 2020 Jan;35(1):29-35. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31714321/ positive effects of Passionflower on objective sleep parameters including TST on polysomnography in adults with insomnia disorder.
Effect of a medicinal plant (Passiflora incarnata L) on sleep Sleep Sci. 2017 Jul-Sep; 10(3): 96–100. doi: 10.5935/1984-0063.20170018 PMCID: PMC5699852 PMID: 29410738 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5699852/ The extracts obtained from Passiflora incarnata can be considered as appropriated sleep inducers.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of Passiflora incarnata (passionflower) herbal tea on subjective sleep quality Phytother Res . 2011 Aug;25(8):1153-9. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3400. Epub 2011 Feb 3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21294203/ the consumption of a low dose of Passiflora incarnata, in the form of tea, yields short-term subjective sleep benefits for healthy adults with mild fluctuations in sleep quality.
パッションフラワーの薬理作用
Bioactivity-guided Study of Passiflora caerulea L. Leaf Extracts Iran J Pharm Res. 2017 Winter; 16(Suppl): 46–57. PMCID: PMC5963645 PMID: 29844775 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963645/ In West Indies, the roots have been used as sedative and vermifuge, while in Italy as diuretic 利尿. In Argentine folk medicine, the aerial parts were used as mild antimicrobial agents in diseases like catarrh and pneumonia (4).
Herbal Medicinal Products from Passiflora for Anxiety: An Unexploited Potential ScientificWorldJournal. 2020; 2020: 6598434. Published online 2020 Jul 20. doi: 10.1155/2020/6598434 PMCID: PMC7387951 PMID: 32765195 hundreds of Passiflora species potentially useful for medicinal and nutraceutical purposes that are still little explored.
The confusion here stems from the misunderstanding of where beta-amyloid (Aβ) accumulates in Alzheimer’s disease and how antibody-based therapies target these aggregates.
Location of Beta-Amyloid Accumulation:
In Alzheimer’s disease, beta-amyloid peptides primarily accumulate extracellularly, forming plaques in the brain tissue. These plaques are found in the space between neurons, not within the cytoplasm. Intracellular accumulation of beta-amyloid can also occur, but the large plaques that are characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease are extracellular. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10572082/
Delivery of the Brainshuttle™ amyloid-beta antibody fusion trontinemab to non-human primate brain and projected efficacious dose regimens in humans
MAbs. 2023; 15(1): 2261509. Published online 2023 Oct 12. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2261509 PMCID: PMC10572082 PMID: 37823690 There are few treatments that slow neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and while therapeutic antibodies are being investigated in clinical trials for AD treatment, their access to the central nervous system is restricted by the blood–brain barrier.
Mechanism of Antibody-Based Therapies:
Antibody-based therapies for Alzheimer’s disease, such as monoclonal antibodies targeting beta-amyloid, work primarily by binding to the extracellular beta-amyloid plaques. These antibodies are designed to recognize and bind to specific forms of beta-amyloid, including the fibrillar forms that make up the plaques. Once the antibody binds to the beta-amyloid, it can recruit immune cells (such as microglia) to help clear the plaques through processes like phagocytosis.Additionally, some antibodies can bind to soluble beta-amyloid oligomers, which are smaller aggregates that are toxic to neurons. By binding to these soluble forms, the antibodies may prevent their aggregation into larger plaques or neutralize their toxic effects.
Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier:
One of the challenges for antibody-based therapies is crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, some engineered antibodies or fragments of antibodies can cross the BBB to some extent, and once they are in the brain tissue, they can interact with the extracellular beta-amyloid.
To summarize, while antibodies generally do not enter cells and act intracellularly, they are effective in targeting the extracellular beta-amyloid plaques and soluble oligomers in Alzheimer’s disease. This extracellular targeting is sufficient for therapeutic purposes because the major pathological beta-amyloid aggregates are located outside of the neurons.
(ChatGPT 4o)
Anti-amyloid-β Antibodies and Anti-tau Therapies for Alzheimer’s Disease: Recent Advances and Perspectives 2024 Volume 72 Issue 7 Pages 602-609 Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
~100% of biologic drugs do not cross the BBB https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7697739/
BBB restricts peripheral proteins and antibodies from entering the CNS. Protein passage through the BBB is mostly non-specific and is <0.1% of peripheral circulating proteins enter the CNS [15, 16]. Although neurodegenerative diseases are believed to cause dysfunctions of BBB with higher permeability, it has been demonstrated that the BBB integrity was well maintained, preventing passive BBB permeability of IgG injected peripherally in multiple AD mouse models, including PS2-amyloid precursor protein (APP), Tau transgenics, and APOE4 knock-in mice [17]. It was estimated that only 0.01% of the peripheral antibody molecules may enter the CNS [18]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9759110/
アルツハイマー病の抗体薬
All currently approved DMTs for the treatment of AD are anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The two approved agents are aducanumab (Aduhelm®; Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA), which received accelerated approval based on marked lowering of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques as seen on amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) considered reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit [2]; and lecanemab (Leqembi®; Eisai Inc. and Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA), which received accelerated approval based on a phase II study followed by standard approval based on clinical and biomarker data from a phase III study [3, 4].
Anti-Amyloid Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease Review Article Open access Published: 13 November 2023 Volume 38, pages 5–22, (2024) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40259-023-00633-2
参考
Blood-brain barrier permeable antibodies for Alzheimer’s potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications Ram Bhatt, Oscar Ramos First published: 16 June 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.061328 https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/alz.061328
Targeting antibodies to the cytoplasm MAbs. 2011 Jan-Feb; 3(1): 3–16. Published online 2011 Jan 1. doi: 10.4161/mabs.3.1.14110 PMCID: PMC3038006 Here, the various technologies to target intracellular proteins with antibodies are reviewed.