A. 卵胞期にFSH(卵胞刺激ホルモン)が分泌されると、初めは10~20個くらいの卵胞が発育し始めるんだ。でも、その中で「一番元気なやつ」が選ばれて、それが排卵まで成長していくの!✨通常、他の卵胞は途中で成長が止まって「閉鎖卵胞(へいさらんぽう)」と呼ばれる状態になっちゃうんだよね。だから、最終的に排卵されるのはたった1個(まれに2個の場合もある)だけなんだ~。この「どの卵胞が選ばれるか」は、卵胞の中での競争みたいな感じで、ホルモンの感受性(FSHにどれだけ反応するか)とか、エストロゲンの分泌量が大きく関わってるよ。もし、FSHの量が多すぎたりすると、双子とか多胎妊娠のリスクが高まることもあるんだ。
Q. 毎回の排卵は、左右交互に起きるの?
A. 排卵は左右の卵巣が毎回交互に行われる…というイメージがあるけど、実はそんなに規則正しく起こるわけじゃないんだよ~。実際には、片方の卵巣が続けて排卵することもよくあるし、左右どちらかがランダムに選ばれることも多いの。
A. それ、ほんとに鋭い質問だよね!確かに、左右の卵巣が別々に発育してるなら、お互いの卵胞の状況を「見張ってる」わけじゃないし、左右それぞれから1個ずつ排卵されるほうが理屈的には自然に思えるよね~。でも、実際には左右の卵巣が「連携している」みたいな形で、片方の卵胞が優勢になることが多いんだ。その理由をもう少し詳しく説明するね。
2006 Nobel Prize winner Craig Mello UMass Chan Medical School チャンネル登録者数 5760人
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006 was awarded jointly to Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello “for their discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA”
The RNase III enzyme DICER is responsible for biosynthesis of short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs).
DICER processes long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) precursors into 21–23 bp-long duplexes known as siRNAs [1].
miRNAs are encoded by specific genomic loci and are processed from endogenous hairpin-shaped transcripts that are initially cleaved in the nucleus to a 70-bp miRNA precursor (pre-miRNA) by the Microprocessor complex, which is composed of the RNase III enzyme DROSHA and its partner,
Although both siRNAs and miRNAs are synthesized as duplexes, only one of the two strands, the ‘guide’ strand, is incorporated into the multi-protein complex RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC); the other strand (‘passenger’ strand) is discarded [3].
The guide strand recognizes a target mRNA by Watson-Crick base pairing and, based on the degree of sequence complementarity between the small RNA and target mRNA, either endonucleolytic cleavage or translational repression of the target mRNA follows [4].
In animals, siRNAs are perfectly complementary to their targets, and hence trigger mRNA cleavage,
miRNAs are usually only partially complementary and silence gene expression by translational repression and mRNA decay.
ARGONAUTE (AGO) proteins are at the core of RISC.
In mammals, there are four AGO proteins (AGO1–4). All four can bind small RNAs and trigger translational repression, but only AGO2 possesses endonucleolytic activity and is the catalytic component of RISC [6].
Essential Role for Endogenous siRNAs during Meiosis in Mouse Oocytes Paula Stein,Nikolay V. Rozhkov,Fan Li,Fabián L. Cárdenas,Olga Davydenk,Lee E. Vandivier,Brian D. Gregory,Gregory J. Hannon,Richard M. Schultz Published: February 19, 2015 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1005013 PLOSNEGETICS
Kinetochore fibers. Electron micrograph of a metaphase spindle in a PtK1 cell. Kinetochore microtubules are visible as thin lines extending between the boundary of the spindle pole (curved dashed line) and the kinetochores (K1–K5). Arrows mark microtubules that leave the plane of section; V vesicles, PCM pericentriolar material; scale bar 0.5 µm. Image reproduced with permission from (McDonald et al. 1992)
MAPs (microtubule associated proteins) crosslink antiparallel interpolar microtubules to create a stable midzone that allows kinesin motor proteins to generate sliding forces that push the spindle poles apart (4).
The importance of microtubule-dependent tension in accurate chromosome segregation Angela R. Bunning and Mohan L. Gupta Jr.corresponding author* Front Cell Dev Biol. 2023; 11: 1096333. Published online 2023 Jan 23. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1096333 PMCID: PMC9899852 PMID: 36755973
Interpolar microtubules are dispensable in fission yeast meiosis II Takashi Akera, Masamitsu Sato & Masayuki Yamamoto Nature Communications volume 3, Article number: 695 (2012) Published: 28 February 2012 https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms1725 The mitotic spindle consists of two types of microtubules. Dynamic kinetochore microtubules capture kinetochores, whereas stable interpolar microtubules serve as the structural backbone that connects the two spindle poles. Both have been believed to be indispensable for cell division in eukaryotes.
J Cell Biol. 2017 Jun 5; 216(6): 1525–1531. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201612064 PMCID: PMC5461028 PMID: 28490474 Review The mechanics of microtubule networks in cell division Scott Forth and Tarun M. Kapoorcorresponding author https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5461028/
Motor function in interpolar microtubules during metaphase Author links open overlay panel J.M. Deutsch , Ian P. Lewis Journal of Theoretical Biology Volume 370 , 7 April 2015, Pages 1-10 Journal of Theoretical Biology https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S002251931500020X
The placental membrane, the chorion, prevents the fetal and maternal blood from mixing, while allowing transport of molecules.
The maternal blood in the intervillous space is a mixture of incoming fully oxygenated and deoxygenated blood due to placental oxygen uptake, resulting in an intervillous pool of blood with oxygen partial pressure (PO2) that is relatively lower than that of maternal arterial blood.
the mixed maternal blood in the intervillous space forms the supply of oxygen to the fetus
Gas exchange takes place between maternal and fetal blood through the chorion.
Nutrient-rich and relatively well-oxygenated blood in the fetal capillaries of the placenta is delivered to the fetus via the umbilical vein and
deoxygenated, lower nutrient blood returns back to the placenta from the fetus via the umbilical arteries.
Interleukin-11 alters placentation and causes preeclampsia 子癇前症 features in mice December 11, 2015 112 (52) 15928-15933 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515076112 PNAS
IL-11 and IL-11Rα immunolocalisation at primate implantation sites supports a role for IL-11 in placentation and fetal development Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2003; 1: 34. Published online 2003 Apr 11. doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-1-34 PMCID: PMC155642 PMID: 12740032 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC155642/
Infertility in female mice lacking the receptor for interleukin 11 is due to a defective uterine response to implantation インターロイキン11の受容体を欠損した雌マウスにおける不妊は、着床に対する子宮応答の異常によるものである Lorraine Robb, Ruili Li, Lynne Hartley, Harshal H. Nandurkar, Frank Koentgen & C. Glenn Begley Nature Medicine volume 4, pages303–308 (1998) Published: 01 March 1998 要旨 妊娠初期において、着床する胚に応答して、周囲の子宮間質は脱落膜と呼ばれる特殊な組織に劇的に変化します。脱落膜は発生中の胚を包み込み、栄養の輸送を促進し、栄養膜細胞の侵入を制限します。本研究では、インターロイキン-11受容体α鎖の欠損を持つ雌マウスが、脱落膜化不全により不妊であることを明らかにしました。時間的解析により、通常の妊娠子宮におけるIL-11の発現は脱落膜化の時期に最大であることが示され、さらに、イン・シチュ・ハイブリダイゼーション法を用いた解析により、発生中の脱落膜細胞でIL-11およびIL-11受容体α鎖の発現が確認されました。これらの観察結果は、IL-11シグナル伝達が女性の生殖においてこれまで認識されていなかった重要な役割を果たしていることを示しています。(ChatGPTによる翻訳)本文有料
Maternal IL-11Rα function is required for normal decidua and fetoplacental development in mice Genes Dev. 1998 Jul 15; 12(14): 2234–2243. doi: 10.1101/gad.12.14.2234 PMCID: PMC317008 PMID: 9679067 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC317008/
The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14 Rosalind C. Lee ,Rhonda L. Feinbaum and Victor Ambros https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/009286749390529Y?via%3Dihub
Posttranscriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene lin-14 by lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in C. elegans Bruce Wightman, Ilho Ha, Gary Ruvkun Volume 75, Issue 5 , 3 December 1993, Pages 855-862 Cell https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0092867493905304
Conservation of the sequence and temporal expression of let-7 heterochronic regulatory RNANature volume 408, pages86–89 (2000) Published: 02 November 2000
ヒトのマイクロRNA
The chromosome 19 miRNA cluster (C19MC) is the largest human miRNA gene cluster, comprising roughly 8% of all known human miRNA genes, and is exclusively expressed in the placenta and in undifferentiated cells
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, 19–24 nucleotide, non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression through sequence-specific base-pairing with target mRNAs.
In the human placenta, miRNAs are synthesized and expressed primarily in trophoblasts.
This primate-specific miRNA cluster spans ∼100 kb at human chromosome 19q13.41, and spans 46 miRNA genes
In the human placenta, the C19MC cluster is imprinted, and is exclusively expressed from the paternally inherited allele
Aberrant expression of C19MC miRNAs is observed in specific human malignancies, where they may contribute to tumor invasiveness (Li et al., 2009; Rippe et al., 2010).
The expression profile of C19MC microRNAs in primary human trophoblast cells and exosomesMol Hum Reprod. 2012 Aug; 18(8): 417–424. Published online 2012 Feb 29. doi: 10.1093/molehr/gas013 PMCID: PMC3389496 PMID: 22383544
Selective activation of miRNAs of the primate-specific chromosome 19 miRNA cluster (C19MC) in cancer and stem cells and possible contribution to regulation of apoptosis Phan Nguyen Nhi Nguyen, Chiu-Jung Huang, Shigeki Sugii, Soon Keng Cheong & Kong Bung Choo Journal of Biomedical Science volume 24, Article number: 20 (2017) https://jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12929-017-0326-z
C19MC MicroRNAs Regulate the Migration of Human Trophoblasts Endocrinology. 2014 Dec; 155(12): 4975–4985. Published online 2014 Sep 11. doi: 10.1210/en.2014-1501 PMCID: PMC4239420 PMID: 25211593
The expression profile of C19MC microRNAs in primary human trophoblast cells and exosomesMol Hum Reprod. 2012 Aug; 18(8): 417–424. Published online 2012 Feb 29. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3389496/
胎盤とマイクロRNA
Placental trophoblast cell-derived exosomal microRNA-1290 promotes the interaction between endometrium and embryo by targeting LHX6 Nucleic Acids Volume 26 , 3 December 2021, Pages 760-772
Imprinted MicroRNA Gene Clusters in the Evolution, Development, and Functions of Mammalian Placenta REVIEW article Front. Genet., 18 January 2019 Sec. RNA Volume 9 – 2018 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00706 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/genetics/articles/10.3389/fgene.2018.00706/full
The Fibroblast Growth Factor signaling pathway First published: 13 March 2015 https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wdev.176
From Cradle to Grave: The Multiple Roles of Fibroblast Growth Factors in Neural Development Neuron Volume 71, Issue 4 , 25 August 2011, Pages 574-588 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627311006787
Life Unfoldingを読んでいたら、FGFが進化の過程で繰り返し異なる器官の発生に使われたという記述があり、進化の順に、膵臓 pancreas、肺 lung、前立腺 prostateが挙げられていました。ChatGPTで進化の順を確認してみます。
Pancreas (Appeared First)
The pancreas is one of the earliest organs to appear in evolutionary history. It evolved as part of the digestive system in early vertebrates.
The pancreas or pancreas-like organs are found in jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) and even in some jawless vertebrates (agnathans). Its dual function as both an endocrine (hormone production) and exocrine (enzyme secretion) organ suggests its ancient origin.
Estimated Appearance: Over 400 million years ago, in the early vertebrates.
Lung (Second)
Lungs evolved later, initially appearing as primitive respiratory structures in early fish that inhabited oxygen-poor waters. This structure was likely a precursor to both lungs and swim bladders in fish.
The development of lungs was crucial for the transition of vertebrates to terrestrial life. Primitive lungs are thought to have evolved before the Devonian period, approximately 400 million years ago.
Estimated Appearance: Approximately 400 million years ago, but after the pancreas.
Prostate (Appeared Last)
The prostate gland is a more recent evolutionary development and is specific to mammals. It is part of the male reproductive system, responsible for producing seminal fluid components.
Prostate evolution is linked to the diversification of reproductive strategies in mammals, and it is absent in more primitive vertebrates such as reptiles and amphibians.
Estimated Appearance: Roughly 200-250 million years ago, coinciding with early mammals.
Fgf10/Fgfr2b Signaling Orchestrates the Symphony of Molecular, Cellular, and Physical Processes Required for Harmonious Airway Branching Morphogenesis Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 12 January 2021 Sec. Cell Growth and Division Volume 8 – 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.620667
FGF18 promotes human lung branching morphogenesis through regulating mesenchymal progenitor cells 17 Mar 2023 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00316.2022
Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10) and branching morphogenesis in the embryonic mouse lung Development (1997) 124 (23): 4867–4878. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.23.4867
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) can play a role in the branching morphogenesis of the ureteric bud (UB). FGF2 and FGF7 are two FGFs that have been shown to have different effects on UB branching:
FGF2: Induces the formation of globular structures with an irregular branching pattern
FGF7: A more potent stimulator of UB growth
Other factors that may be involved in UB branching include: GDNF and A BSN-derived factor(s).
The UB is an epithelial tube that originates from the nephric duct and branches repeatedly to form the renal collecting duct system. Defects in UB growth and branching can lead to renal agenesis, hypodysplasia, and other congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract.
The FGF system is associated with several downstream signaling pathways, including the RAS/mitogen-activating protein (MAP) kinase pathway, the phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase/AKT pathway, and the phospholipase C gamma (PLCγ) pathway.
Multiple fibroblast growth factors support growth of the ureteric bud but have different effects on branching morphogenesis Mechanisms of Development Volume 109, Issue 2 , December 2001, Pages 123-135 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925477301005925
線維芽細胞成長因子(FGF)と唾液腺の分岐形成
FGF signaling regulates salivary gland branching morphogenesis by modulating cell adhesion Development. 2023 Mar 15; 150(6): dev201293. Published online 2023 Mar 20. doi: 10.1242/dev.201293 PMCID: PMC10112918 PMID: 36861436 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10112918/
Signaling pathways regulating the branching of the Drosophila tracheal system.
a, The anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral patterning genes induce bnl expression in mesenchymal cell clusters, which secrete and form a gradient of Bnl (green). Bnl induces btl expression (red) in the epithelial cells of the tracheal placodes that are closest to the Bnl source, and acts as a chemoattractant. The migrating cells coalesce into a primary branch.
b, Bnl induces secondary branch tip-cell genes in epithelial cells sensing the highest Bnl signal, which then suppress tip-cell gene expression in stalk cells via Notch signaling. Pointed is a pivotal tip-cell gene which upregulates MAPK signaling and Sprouty expression. Sprouty forms a negative-feedback loop by inhibiting Btl signaling.
c, Hypoxia induces local expression of bnl via Fatiga, leading to Btl signaling via Pointed and Blistered and resulting in terminal branch sprouting.