pyrrole, any of a class of organic compounds of the heterocyclic series characterized by a ring structure composed of four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom. (Britanica)
Thiol prefixes for nomenclature (chemistry.stackexchange.com) Mercapto- and sulfanyl- are both prefixes for use with the −SH group (known as a thiol), while thio- is used to denote the “sulfur” equivalent of an oxygen-containing functional group. Sulfanyl- “In these [1993] recommendations, the prefix “sulfanyl-” is preferred to “mercapto-” which was used in previous editions of the IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry.”
分子構造模型 生化学セットKI-Z Molecular Model 6,600円 https://www.kenis.co.jp/onlineshop/product/11380524 No.1炭素(入数:14、色:黒、穴数:4、大きさ:φ22mm)、No.2炭素(入数:10、色:黒、穴数:3、大きさ:φ22mm)、No.3水素(入数:25、色:白、穴数:1、大きさ:φ15mm)、No.4水素(入数:3、色:白、穴数:2、大きさ:φ15mm)、No.5酸素(入数:12、色:赤、穴数:2、大きさ:φ20mm)、No.6酸素(入数:2、色:赤、穴数:1、大きさ:φ15mm)、No.7窒素(入数:3、色:青、穴数:4、大きさ:φ22mm)、No.8窒素(入数:2、色:青、穴数:2、大きさ:φ20mm)、No.9窒素(入数:6、色:青、穴数:3、大きさ:φ22mm)、No.10硫黄(入数:1、色:黄、穴数:2、大きさ:φ22mm)、No.11リン(入数:1、色:紫、穴数:4、大きさ:φ22mm)、No.12ボンド(ミディアム)(入数:44、色:灰)、No.13ボンド(ロング)(入数:12、色:灰)
Molymod
MMS-007 Biochemistry Model, Teacher Set (262 atom parts) https://www.indigoinstruments.com/molecular_models/molymod/sets/Biochemistry-Molecular-Biology-Models-Set-62007.html
Stryer Biochemistry 8th edition Chapter 18 Oxidative Phosphrylation page 538 (or, page 571/1227 (PDF)). Toxic derivatives of molecular oxygen such as superoxide radicals are scavenged by protective enzymes のセクション The transfer of four electrons leads to safe products (two molecules of H2O), but partial reduction generates hazardous compounds. in particular, the transfer of a single electron to O2 forms superoxide ion, whereas the transfer of two electrons yields peroxide.
Marks HC, Wyss O, Strandskov FB. Studies on the Mode of Action of Compounds Containing Available Chlorine. J Bacteriol. 1945 Mar;49(3):299-305. doi: 10.1128/jb.49.3.299-305.1945. PMID: 16560921; PMCID: PMC374040.
Sin-Yi Liou, Michael C. Dodd, Evaluation of hydroxyl radical and reactive chlorine species generation from the superoxide/hypochlorous acid reaction as the basis for a novel advanced oxidation process, Water Research, Volume 200, 2021, 117142, ISSN 0043-1354, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117142.
分子軌道法(ウィキペディア)分子軌道波動関数は、既知のn個の原子軌道の線形結合(重ね合わせ)で表せると仮定する。LCAO(原子軌道の線型結合、Linear Combination of Atomic Orbital)近似と呼ばれる。原子価結合法(1927年)の後、フント、マリケン、スレイター、レナード-ジョーンズらによって開発された。当初は「フント-マリケン理論」と呼ばれていた。
Circadian Rhythm Connections to Oxidative Stress: Implications for Human Health Melissa Wilking,1 Mary Ndiaye,1 Hasan Mukhtar,1,2 and Nihal Ahmadcorresponding author1,2,3 Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013 Jul 10; 19(2): 192–208. PMCID: PMC3689169 doi: 10.1089/ars.2012.4889
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) were initially identified in both mice [1] and humans [2] as CD4+ T cells constitutively expressing the α receptor to IL-2 (CD25) and inhibiting the immune response of effector T cells, notably their production of interferon-γ. These cells are known to be a key contributor to the maintenance of immune tolerance, preventing the emergence of organ-specific auto-immune disease. However, in cancer-bearing animals or patients, Tregs expand, migrate to tumor sites and suppress antitumor immune response mediated by NK cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and myeloid cells, through different molecular mechanisms [3]. The discovery that the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) was a more specific marker for distinguishing Tregs from other populations of T lymphocytes [4] strengthened their identity. Thus, nuclear immunolabeling with anti-FOXP3 antibodies has been widely used to characterize Treg cells on tissue sections, notably in human tumors.(Prognostic role of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells infiltrating human carcinomas: the paradox of colorectal cancer Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy volume 60, pages909–918 (2011))
CD4 and FOXP3 as predictive markers for the recurrence of T3/T4a stage II colorectal cancer: applying a novel discrete Bayes decision ruleBMC Cancer volume 22, Article number: 1071 (2022) 18 October 2022
FOXP3+ Tregs: heterogeneous phenotypes and conflicting impacts on survival outcomes in patients with colorectal cancerImmunologic Research volume 61, pages338–347 (2015) 大腸癌における制御性T細胞の役割に関する相反する報告のレビュー
CD4+ T Cells Expressing Latency-Associated Peptide and Foxp3 Are an Activated Subgroup of Regulatory T Cells Enriched in Patients with Colorectal Cancer Published: September 30, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108554
Expression of Foxp3 in Colorectal Cancer but Not in Treg Cells Correlates with Disease Progression in Patients with Colorectal Cancer Published: January 30, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053630
Regulatory (FoxP3+) T-cell Tumor Infiltration Is a Favorable Prognostic Factor in Advanced Colon Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemo or Chemoimmunotherapy J Immunother. 2010 May; 33(4): 435–441. doi: 10.1097/CJI.0b013e3181d32f01 PMCID: PMC7322625 NIHMSID: NIHMS1597178 PMID: 20386463
Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor alpha-chains (CD25). Breakdown of a single mechanism of self-tolerance causes various autoimmune diseases S Sakaguchi 1, N Sakaguchi, M Asano, M Itoh, M Toda J Immunol . 1995 Aug 1;155(3):1151-64.
The LDL particle is made of a monolayer of phospholipid, unesterified cholesterol forms the surface membrane, and fatty acid esters of cholesterol make up the hydrophobic core. One copy of the hydrophobic apo-B protein is embedded in the membrane, mediating the binding of LDL particles to specific cell-surface receptors.(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519561/)
LDL (≈2.5 MDa) are one type of several spherical particles that transport lipids in the blood. The only protein component of LDL is apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100), one of the largest known proteins (4,536 aa, ca. 550 kDa). The apoB-100-containing lipoproteins are secreted from the liver as triglyceride-rich, very LDL (VLDL), which are converted in the blood circulation to LDL. LDL, about 220 Å in diameter, are much smaller in size than the originally secreted VLDL, which range from 600 to 800 Å. LDL contain 22% apoB-100, 22% phospholipids, 8% cholesterol, 42% cholesteryl esters, and 6% triglycerides (wt/wt). (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC17531/)