Hormesis was first defined by toxicologists who observed beneficial effects of very low doses of poisonous substances (‘poisons’).
‘Hormesis’ as defined by Southam and Ehrlich (1943) applies to
short- or long-lasting beneficial effects activated in cells after a
‘moderate’ stress (or harmful stimulus).
Hormesis is the idea that short, intermittent bursts of certain stressors can start a cascade of cellular processes that slow aging, improve overall health and make you more resilient, both physically and mentally. https://carolinatotalwellness.com/blog/index.php/2023/03/03/hormesis-the-beneficial-type-of-stress/
the concept of hormesis is about 130 years old, starting with the findings of Hugo Schulz [26,27] concerning the effects of nearly a dozen disinfectants on yeast metabolism. Schulz’s research was significant as it established the biphasic dose response within the framework of a modest overcompensation response to an initial disruption in homeostasis.
Schulz erroneously associated his biphasic dose response with the practice of homeopathy, asserting that he had discovered its explanatory principle [34]. This action of Schulz curtailed his career.
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/10/2871
ホルミシスという言葉を最初に用いたのはソーサムとエーリッヒ（1943）だそう。
The term hormesis was first used in the peer-reviewed literature by Southam and Ehrlich [1] in 1943 to describe the effects of extracts of the red cedar tree on the growth of numerous fungal species that had the capacity to rot wood.
Biological stress response terminology: Integrating the concepts of adaptive response and preconditioning stress within a hormetic dose–response framework https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4q35r8nb
pre- and postconditioning are specific types of hormesis. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1043661815301912?via%3Dihub
Preconditioning is a specific type of hormesis(Calabrese 2016a,b). https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-10-17-1638-RE
Cell Survival Programs and Ischemia/Reperfusion: Hormesis, Preconditioning, and Cardioprotection (Colloquium Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function to Disease) https://www.amazon.com/Cell-Survival-Programs-Ischemia-Reperfusion/dp/1615045848
Hormesis in Cholestatic Liver Disease; Preconditioning with Low Bile Acid Concentrations Protects against Bile Acid-Induced Toxicity https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0149782
Preconditioning is hormesis part I https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1043661815301912
Preconditioning is hormesis part II https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1043661815301924?via%3Dihub
The bladder and urethra develop from the endoderm, the innermost of the three primary germ layers in an early embryo.The bladder develops from the upper end of the urogenital sinus, which is lined with endoderm and continuous with the allantois.
AI-generated
The ureters are derived from intermediate mesoderm during embryology.The intermediate mesoderm divides into the nephrogenic ridge, which forms the ureters, and the gonadal ridge, which forms the gonads.The urogenital ridge, a region of intermediate mesoderm, is the source of the embryonic kidney and the gonad, which gives rise to the urinary system.
AI-generated
The renal pelvis is derived from the ureteric bud, which is an outgrowth of the mesonephric duct, which originates from intermediate mesoderm.
The primary end points were the change from baseline in the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire clinical summary score (KCCQ-CSS; scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating fewer symptoms and physical limitations) and the change in body weight. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38587233/ スコアが高いほうが～
実験群（薬剤）が対照群に優ったこと
The results for the confirmatory secondary end points favored semaglutide over placebo (estimated between-group difference in change in 6-minute walk distance, 14.3 m [95% CI, 3.7 to 24.9; P = 0.008]; win ratio for hierarchical composite end point, 1.58 [95% CI, 1.29 to 1.94; P<0.001]; and estimated treatment ratio for change in CRP level, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.55 to 0.80; P<0.001]). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38587233/ 「favor」は他動詞で、〔～の〕方を好む、～への支持を表明する の意味（アルク）。