Inositol (myo-inositol, see below) was first isolated by Scherer (7), and called “inosite” because of its sweet taste.（A short history of inositol lipids Robin F. Irvine Journal of Lipid Research Volume 57, Issue 11, November 2016, Pages 1987-1994）
Inositol (hexahydroxycyclohexane) was first isolated from muscle in 1850 by Scherer. He coined the name “inositol” from the Greek inos (muscel). Nine stereoisomers of inositol are theoretically possible but only seven occur naturally, the exception being epi- and allo-inositol. Because myo-inositol is regarded as the major isomer among the inositols, with regard to both distribution and fuction, particular attention has been devoted to this compound. Although the name myo-inositol is in fact a pleonasm (it is derived from another Greek word for muscle, myo), its use has become generally accepted, and in this paper, myo-inositol will be refeerred to simply as inositol. (Plant inositides and intracellular signaling Plant Physiol (1993).103:705-709. Bjorn K. Drobak)
Three major organic acids that accumulate in most fruits include malic, citric, and tartaric acid, and their final concentration in ripening fruits depends on the balance between the biosynthesis of organic acid, their degradation, and their vacuolar storage [3,4]. Organic acids are different in various kinds of fruits. For example, citric acid is the major organic acid in citrus [5], while malic acid is the predominant organic acid in apple [6], pear [7], and loquat [2].（https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6316603/）
Malate, which is one of the main organic acids, has various biological activities and pharmacological effects including the promotion of ATP production, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, and the ability to reverse oxidative stress (Ding et al., 2016).（https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8154052/）
解糖系を逆行して回路が閉じるのはなぜ？と不思議に思います。つまり、解糖系との関係がよくわからんというわけです。それに関しては、ストライヤーの生化学に明解な説明がありました。The flow of glucose 6-phosphate depends on the need for NADPH, ribose 5-phosphate, and ATP という節です（第３版の場合は４３１ページ Figure 18-2, 第８版の場合は６０８ページ Figure 20.23）。
The highest activity was found in lactating mammary gland and adipose tissue. Lung and liver showed to have a moderately high activity. Brain, kidney, skeletal muscle, and intestinal mucosa showed to have also a significant activity although less than other tissues. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10630623/
Vitamin D and the Kidney: Two Players, One Console Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(16), 9135; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169135 Figure 1. Systemic effect of vitamin D. Ca, calcium; P, phosphorus; PTH, parathyroid hormone. この図がわかりやすいかも。
https://chat.openai.com/chat で質問してみました。What is cytochrome P450? 以下、その答えです。
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in the metabolism of many drugs, toxins, and endogenous compounds in the human body. These enzymes are found in many tissues, including the liver, lungs, kidneys, and intestines, and are involved in the oxidation of organic substances.
CYP450 enzymes are responsible for the breakdown of a wide range of substances, including pharmaceutical drugs, hormones, and environmental toxins. They are important in drug metabolism because they can change the chemical structure of drugs, often making them more water-soluble and easier for the body to eliminate.
There are many different types of CYP450 enzymes, each with a unique structure and substrate specificity. These enzymes are identified by a specific number, such as CYP1A2 or CYP3A4, and are regulated by various factors, including genetics, diet, and environmental factors. Because of the important role that CYP450 enzymes play in drug metabolism, they are often the target of drug-drug interactions, which can affect the effectiveness and safety of medications.
