自分：Macrophage presents antigens to helper T cells, not to B cells directly. B cell recognizes antigens in solution, incorporates them and presente on the surface. The helper T cells activated by the macrophages now recognize the antigen presented by the B cell and stimulates B cell proliferation.
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Antigen presentation is central to the activation and coordination of immune responses involving macrophages, B cells, and helper T cells. Both macrophages and B cells can present antigens to helper T cells, but B cells play a unique and essential role in driving T cell help and B cell proliferation, especially at low antigen doses and during germinal center reactions.
Mechanisms of Antigen Presentation
Macrophages and Dendritic Cells: These cells present processed antigens via MHC class II to naive CD4+ helper T cells, initiating T cell activation (Pishesha et al., 2022; Hua & Hou, 2020).
B Cells: B cells recognize soluble antigens through their B cell receptor (BCR), internalize them, process them, and present antigenic peptides on MHC class II molecules to helper T cells (Lanzavecchia, 1985; Adler et al., 2017; Rastogi et al., 2022). This presentation is highly efficient, especially at low antigen concentrations, due to the specificity of the BCR (Lanzavecchia, 1985; Malynn et al., 1985; Adler et al., 2017).
B Cell–T Cell Interactions and Proliferation
Direct Interaction: Helper T cells form specific, antigen-dependent contacts with antigen-presenting B cells, leading to T cell activation and the delivery of signals (such as cytokines) that stimulate B cell proliferation and differentiation (Kupfer et al., 1986; Lanzavecchia, 1985; Adler et al., 2017).
T Follicular Helper (Tfh) Cell Differentiation: B cells are often the dominant antigen-presenting cells that drive the differentiation of Tfh cells, which are crucial for germinal center formation and high-affinity antibody production (Deenick et al., 2010; Hong et al., 2018; Hua & Hou, 2020; Crawford et al., 2006).
B Cell Proliferation: Activated helper T cells, after recognizing antigen presented by B cells, provide essential signals (e.g., CD40L, cytokines) that promote B cell proliferation and maturation (Kupfer et al., 1986; Lanzavecchia, 1985; Adler et al., 2017).
Key Step in Immune Response Main Cell Type Involved Role in B Cell Proliferation Citations
Initial antigen presentation to T cells Macrophages, dendritic cells Activates naive helper T cells (Pishesha et al., 2022; Hua & Hou, 2020)
Antigen presentation in germinal centers B cells Drives Tfh cell help, B cell growth (Deenick et al., 2010; Hong et al., 2018; Lanzavecchia, 1985; Crawford et al., 2006)
Direct T-B cell interaction B cells, helper T cells Stimulates B cell proliferation (Kupfer et al., 1986; Lanzavecchia, 1985; Adler et al., 2017)
Summary
B cells are not only recipients of T cell help but also act as potent antigen-presenting cells, especially in later stages of the immune response. Their ability to present antigen to helper T cells is essential for effective B cell proliferation, antibody production, and the development of long-lasting immunity.
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References
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Adler, L., Jiang, W., Bhamidipati, K., Millican, M., Macaubas, C., Hung, S., & Mellins, E. (2017). The Other Function: Class II-Restricted Antigen Presentation by B Cells. Frontiers in Immunology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00319