The Fibroblast Growth Factor signaling pathway First published: 13 March 2015 https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wdev.176
From Cradle to Grave: The Multiple Roles of Fibroblast Growth Factors in Neural Development Neuron Volume 71, Issue 4 , 25 August 2011, Pages 574-588 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627311006787
Life Unfoldingを読んでいたら、FGFが進化の過程で繰り返し異なる器官の発生に使われたという記述があり、進化の順に、膵臓 pancreas、肺 lung、前立腺 prostateが挙げられていました。ChatGPTで進化の順を確認してみます。
Pancreas (Appeared First)
The pancreas is one of the earliest organs to appear in evolutionary history. It evolved as part of the digestive system in early vertebrates.
The pancreas or pancreas-like organs are found in jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) and even in some jawless vertebrates (agnathans). Its dual function as both an endocrine (hormone production) and exocrine (enzyme secretion) organ suggests its ancient origin.
Estimated Appearance: Over 400 million years ago, in the early vertebrates.
Lung (Second)
Lungs evolved later, initially appearing as primitive respiratory structures in early fish that inhabited oxygen-poor waters. This structure was likely a precursor to both lungs and swim bladders in fish.
The development of lungs was crucial for the transition of vertebrates to terrestrial life. Primitive lungs are thought to have evolved before the Devonian period, approximately 400 million years ago.
Estimated Appearance: Approximately 400 million years ago, but after the pancreas.
Prostate (Appeared Last)
The prostate gland is a more recent evolutionary development and is specific to mammals. It is part of the male reproductive system, responsible for producing seminal fluid components.
Prostate evolution is linked to the diversification of reproductive strategies in mammals, and it is absent in more primitive vertebrates such as reptiles and amphibians.
Estimated Appearance: Roughly 200-250 million years ago, coinciding with early mammals.
Fgf10/Fgfr2b Signaling Orchestrates the Symphony of Molecular, Cellular, and Physical Processes Required for Harmonious Airway Branching Morphogenesis Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 12 January 2021 Sec. Cell Growth and Division Volume 8 – 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.620667
FGF18 promotes human lung branching morphogenesis through regulating mesenchymal progenitor cells 17 Mar 2023 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00316.2022
Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10) and branching morphogenesis in the embryonic mouse lung Development (1997) 124 (23): 4867–4878. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.23.4867
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) can play a role in the branching morphogenesis of the ureteric bud (UB). FGF2 and FGF7 are two FGFs that have been shown to have different effects on UB branching:
FGF2: Induces the formation of globular structures with an irregular branching pattern
FGF7: A more potent stimulator of UB growth
Other factors that may be involved in UB branching include: GDNF and A BSN-derived factor(s).
The UB is an epithelial tube that originates from the nephric duct and branches repeatedly to form the renal collecting duct system. Defects in UB growth and branching can lead to renal agenesis, hypodysplasia, and other congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract.
The FGF system is associated with several downstream signaling pathways, including the RAS/mitogen-activating protein (MAP) kinase pathway, the phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase/AKT pathway, and the phospholipase C gamma (PLCγ) pathway.
Multiple fibroblast growth factors support growth of the ureteric bud but have different effects on branching morphogenesis Mechanisms of Development Volume 109, Issue 2 , December 2001, Pages 123-135 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925477301005925
線維芽細胞成長因子（FGF）と唾液腺の分岐形成
FGF signaling regulates salivary gland branching morphogenesis by modulating cell adhesion Development. 2023 Mar 15; 150(6): dev201293. Published online 2023 Mar 20. doi: 10.1242/dev.201293 PMCID: PMC10112918 PMID: 36861436 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10112918/
Signaling pathways regulating the branching of the Drosophila tracheal system.
a, The anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral patterning genes induce bnl expression in mesenchymal cell clusters, which secrete and form a gradient of Bnl (green). Bnl induces btl expression (red) in the epithelial cells of the tracheal placodes that are closest to the Bnl source, and acts as a chemoattractant. The migrating cells coalesce into a primary branch.
b, Bnl induces secondary branch tip-cell genes in epithelial cells sensing the highest Bnl signal, which then suppress tip-cell gene expression in stalk cells via Notch signaling. Pointed is a pivotal tip-cell gene which upregulates MAPK signaling and Sprouty expression. Sprouty forms a negative-feedback loop by inhibiting Btl signaling.
c, Hypoxia induces local expression of bnl via Fatiga, leading to Btl signaling via Pointed and Blistered and resulting in terminal branch sprouting.
