Lancet . 1998 Jun 20;351(9119):1840-3. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(97)07541-7. Smoking and risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in a population-based cohort study: the Rotterdam Study
揚げものの摂取と冠動脈疾患リスク Guallar-Castillón P, et al. Consumption of fried foods and risk of coronary heart disease: Spanish cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. BMJ. 2012; 344: e363.
SGLT2 is mainly expressed in the renal proximal tubules, where it is responsible for the reabsorption of about 90% of filtered glucose. It is a high-capacity, low-affinity transporter that transports glucose and other monosaccharides in a 1:1 ratio with sodium ions. SGLT2 is also a secondary active transporter that uses the electrochemical gradient of sodium ions to drive the transport of glucose against its concentration gradient. The activity of SGLT2 is regulated by various factors, including insulin, glucagon, and sodium ions. (Unlocking the Full Potential of SGLT2 Inhibitors: Expanding Applications beyond Glycemic Control IJMS Volume 24 Issue 7 10.3390/ijms24076039)
Macrophages undergo specific differentiation in different tissue environments, and can be divided into two different polarization states: M1 type macrophages (M1) and M2 type macrophages (M2). M1 can respond to dangerous signals transmitted by bacterial products or IFN-γ, which attracting and activating cells of the adaptive immune system; an important feature of M1 is that it can express nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (15–17) and cytokine IL-12 (18). M1 also has the function of engulfing and killing target cells. M2 expresses a large number of scavenger receptors, which is related to the high-intensity expression of IL-10, IL-1β, VEGF and matrix metalloprotein (MMP) (19, 20). M2 has the function of removing debris, promoting angiogenesis, tissue reconstruction and injury repairments, as well as promoting tumorigenesis and development (4). It is worth noting that the polarization of macrophages into M2 appears to be oversimplified. Some people have classified M2 macrophages into M2a (induced by IL-4 or IL-13), M2b (induced by immune complexes combined with IL-1β or LPS) and M2c (induced by IL-10, TGFβ, or glucocorticoid), and M2d (conventional M2 macrophages that exert immunosuppression) (21, 22). https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.583084/full
M1マクロファージとM2マクロファージとのバランス
Patients with M2/M1 < 3 had significantly improved progression-free survival and overall survival compared with patients with M2/M1 > 3. M1 and M2 macrophages elicited opposite effects on colon cancer progression via the FBW7-MCL-1 axis. https://www.nature.com/articles/s12276-020-0436-7
Regulation of Human Macrophage M1–M2 Polarization Balance by Hypoxia and the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 Front. Immunol., 07 September 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01097
M1 and M2 macrophages derived fromTHP-1 cells differentially modulate the response of cancer cells to etoposide Genin et al. BMC Cancer (2015) 15:577 DOI 10.1186/s12885-015-1546-9
Role of Microglial M1/M2 Polarization in Relapse and Remission of Psychiatric Disorders and Diseases Yutaka Nakagawa1 and Kenji Chiba2,* Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2014 Dec; 7(12): 1028–1048. doi: 10.3390/ph7121028 PMCID: