配偶子形成、受精、卵割、胞胚形成

前成説、後成説、発生学の外観

  1. Online Developmental Biology: Overview of the Field (29:50) Jason Pellettieri チャンネル登録者数 3710人 Pellettieri Lab People (Keene State College Depart ment of Biology)

配偶子形成

  1. Meiosis | Oogenesis | Gametogenesis | Human Embryology | Reproductive Physiology Byte Size Med (10:51)
  2. Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis | Reproductive (6:48) Dr Matt & Dr Mike チャンネル登録者数 66.1万人

受精

  1. INTRO TO HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY; PART 1 by Professor Fink (1:03:13) professorfink チャンネル登録者数 19.9万人
  2. from fertilization to childbirth | 3d medical animation | by Dandelion Team (9:51) Dandelion Medical Animation チャンネル登録者数 165万人 受精から新生児の誕生までを一気通貫に概観できるアニメーション（説明音声つき）
  3. ICSI Footage` Fertility Associates チャンネル登録者数 2.19万人 顕微注入による受精の実際の映像
  4. General Embryology – Detailed Animation On Fertilization Medical Animations (3:33)

卵割

ivf embryo developing over 5 days by fertility Dr Raewyn Teirney Fertility Doctor and IVF Specialist Sydney チャンネル登録者数 1890人

  1. Chapter 39.1 : Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation JoVE 有料ライセンスが必要

コンパクションと細胞接着

  1. How Adhesion Forms the Early Mammalian Embryo
    1. Figure 3 E-cadherin localization changes during preimplantation development. E-cadherin is distributed throughout the membrane until the late 8-cell stage. Then, it begins to accumulate in cell–cell junctions and is predominantly localized to basolateral regions by the 16-cell stage.
      1. Figure 5 Adhesion and polarity determine cell fate in the preimplantation mouse embryo. The apical polarity complex in outer cells sequesters components of the Hippo signaling pathway preventing its activation. Unphosphorylated Yap can enter the nucleus and drive expression of trophectoderm-specific genes. In inner cells, Amot localizes to adherens junctions where it binds to Lats1/2 and the E-cadherin adhesion complex via Nrf2. Lats 1/2 phosphorylates Amot, activating it and this complex phosphorylates Yap. Phosphorylated Yap is excluded from the nucleus and the Hippo pathway is activated, allowing transcription of inner cell mass specific genes.

胞胚（胚盤胞）形成

実験動物の発生学では胞胚 blastulaと呼ぶことが多いですが、ヒトやマウスなど哺乳類の場合は同じ発生の時期の胚は、胚盤胞 blastocystと呼ばれます。

  1. Implantation of the blastocyst | Week 2 of embryonic development | Developmental biology (7:10) Animated biology With arpan チャンネル登録者数 22.2万人

着床

trophoblast（栄養膜）は、cytotrophoblast（細胞性栄養膜）と、syncytiotrophoblast（合胞体性栄養膜または栄養膜合胞体層）にわかれます。syncytiotrophoblast（合胞体性栄養膜）はその名称が示すように、細胞が合体したようなもので着床した胚全体を取り囲みます。

  1. Implantation and Trophoblast by Peter Ward, PhD　https://app.lecturio.com/#/lecture/s/6528/10360/44662

胚盤胞で発現する遺伝子と全能性、多能性

  1. Embryonic Stem Cells（ES細胞）とは？（https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223690/）Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are found in the inner cell mass of the human blastocyst, an early stage of the developing embryo lasting from the 4th to 7th day after fertilization. In normal embryonic development, they disappear after the 7th day, and begin to form the three embryonic tissue layers. ESCs extracted from the inner cell mass during the blastocyst stage, however, can be cultured in the laboratory and under the right conditions will proliferate indefinitely. ESCs growing in this undifferentiated state retain the potential to differentiate into cells of all three embryonic tissue layers.
  2. Changes in OCT4 expression play a crucial role in the lineage specification and proliferation of preimplantation porcine blastocysts Cell Prolif. 2022 Nov; 55(11): e13313. Published online 2022 Jul 26. doi: 10.1111/cpr.13313 PMCID: PMC9628253
  3. Heterogeneities in Nanog Expression Drive Stable Commitment to Pluripotency in the Mouse Blastocyst Cell Reports, Volume 10, Issue 9, 10 March 2015, Pages 1508-1520
  4. Differential Role for Transcription Factor Oct4 Nucleocytoplasmic Dynamics in Somatic Cell Reprogramming and Self-renewal of Embryonic Stem Cells*  J Biol Chem. 2013 May 24; 288(21): 15085–15097. Published online 2013 Apr 11. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.448837 PMCID: PMC3663529 PMID: 23580657 Results: Oct4 is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein, and Oct4 mutants with biased nucleocytoplasmic localization show limited potential for cellular reprogramming.
  5. Molecules in pathogenesis Subcellular localisation of the stem cell markers OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, KLF4 and c-MYC in cancer: a review https://jcp.bmj.com/content/71/1/88
  6. A Novel and Critical Role for Oct4 as a Regulator of the Maternal-Embryonic Transition　PLOS ONE　Published: December 31, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004109
  7. Spatiotemporal dynamics of OCT4 protein localization during preimplantation development in mice　2016年　https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-16-0277　A recent study reported that OCT4A, which is crucial for establishment and maintenance of pluripotent cells, is expressed in oocytes, but maternal OCT4A is dispensable for totipotency induction. Whereas another study reported that OCT4B, which is not related to pluripotency, is predominantly expressed instead of OCT4A during early preimplantation phases in mice. ややこしい話

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