強心配糖体（きょうしん はいとうたい）(Cardiac glycoside)とは、不整脈などの治療に用いられるステロイド配糖体のことだそうです。

1. 強心配糖体（ウィキペディア）

強心配糖体の構造的な特徴、標的となる分子への作用は以下の動画がわかりやすい。

Cardiac glycosides in easy way egpat チャンネル登録者数 13.4万人

Digoxin (ジゴキシン)の作用

Digoxin Nursing Pharmacology NCLEX (Cardiac Glycosides) RegisteredNurseRN チャンネル登録者数 229万人

強心剤とは

1. 強心剤（コトバンク）
2. ジギタリス製剤（コトバンク）

強心配糖体の抗腫瘍作用に関する論文

1. 1. Localized Microsphere/Hydrogel for Tumor Immunotherapy of Cardiac Glycoside with Minimal Toxicity Gao L et al. 2022 ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2022 Dec 20. doi: 10.1021/acsami.2c18693. Online ahead of print.
   2. Pharmaco-Toxicological Assessment of the Combined Cytotoxic Effects of Digoxin and Betulinic Acid in Melanoma Cells Rednic R et al. 2022 Life (Basel). 2022 Nov 11;12(11):1855. doi: 10.3390/life12111855.
   3. Periplocin exerts antitumor activity by regulating Nrf2-mediated signaling pathway in gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells Bae ES et al. 2023 Biomed Pharmacother. 2023 Jan;157:114039. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114039. Epub 2022 Nov 21.
   4. Digoxin as an emerging therapy in noncardiac diseases Dashti F et al. 2022 Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2022 Nov 5:S0165-6147(22)00228-0. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.10.002. Online ahead of print.
   5. Evaluation of the Sensitivity of Breast Cancer Cell Lines to Cardiac Glycosides Unveils ATP1B3 as a Possible Biomarker for the Personalized Treatment of ERα Expressing Breast Cancers Acconcia F et al. 2022 Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Sep 21;23(19):11102. doi: 10.3390/ijms231911102.
   6. Glycoside oleandrin downregulates toll-like receptor pathway genes and associated miRNAs in human melanoma cells Eroğlu Güneş C et al. 2022 Gene. 2022 Nov 15;843:146805. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146805. Epub 2022 Aug 11.
   7. Proscillaridin A Sensitizes Human Colon Cancer Cells to TRAIL-Induced Cell Death Semba M et al. 2022 Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Jun 23;23(13):6973. doi: 10.3390/ijms23136973.
   8. Antitumor effects of oleandrin in different types of cancers: Systematic review Francischini CRD et al. 2022 Toxicon. 2022 Sep;216:15-27. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.06.010. Epub 2022 Jun 27.
   9. Convallatoxin suppresses osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and enhances osteogenic differentiation by downregulating parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTHR1) expression and inactivating Wnt/β-catenin pathway Liu X et al. 2022 Bioengineered. 2022 May;13(5):13280-13292. doi: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2080363.
   10. Cytotoxic cardiac glycosides from the root of Streblus asper Osman Mohammed RM et al. 2022 Phytochemistry. 2022 Aug;200:113239. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113239. Epub 2022 May 25.
   11. The Botanical Drug PBI-05204, a Supercritical CO(2) Extract of Nerium Oleander, Is Synergistic With Radiotherapy in Models of Human Glioblastoma Colapietro A et al. 2022 Front Pharmacol. 2022 Mar 23;13:852941. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.852941. eCollection 2022.
   12. Inhibition of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase by cardiac glycosides suppresses expression of the IDO1 immune checkpoint in cancer cells by reducing STAT1 activation Shandell MA et al. 2022 J Biol Chem. 2022 Mar;298(3):101707. doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101707. Epub 2022 Feb 9.
   13. Periplocymarin Induced Colorectal Cancer Cells Apoptosis Via Impairing PI3K/AKT Pathway Cheng Y et al. 2021 Front Oncol. 2021 Nov 25;11:753598. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.753598. eCollection 2021.
   14. The Cardiac Glycoside Deslanoside Exerts Anticancer Activity in Prostate Cancer Cells by Modulating Multiple Signaling Pathways Liu M et al. 2021 Cancers (Basel). 2021 Nov 19;13(22):5809. doi: 10.3390/cancers13225809.
   15. Suppression of ER-stress induction of GRP78 as an anti-neoplastic mechanism of the cardiac glycoside Lanatoside C in pancreatic cancer: Lanatoside C suppresses GRP78 stress induction Ha DP et al. 2021 Neoplasia. 2021 Dec;23(12):1213-1226. doi: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.10.004. Epub 2021 Nov 9.
   16. Lanatoside C inhibits human cervical cancer cell proliferation and induces cell apoptosis by a reduction of the JAK2/STAT6/SOCS2 signaling pathway Duan Y et al. 2021 Oncol Lett. 2021 Oct;22(4):740. doi: 10.3892/ol.2021.13001. Epub 2021 Aug 17.
   17. Repurposing proscillaridin A in combination with decitabine against embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma RD cells Huot M et al. 2021 Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2021 Nov;88(5):845-856. doi: 10.1007/s00280-021-04339-6. Epub 2021 Jul 31.
   18. Cardiac Glycoside Ouabain Exerts Anticancer Activity via Downregulation of STAT3 Du J et al. 2021 Front Oncol. 2021 Jun 30;11:684316. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.684316. eCollection 2021.
   19. Structural Insights into the Interactions of Digoxin and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and Other Targets for the Inhibition of Cancer Cell Proliferation Ren Y et al. 2021 Molecules. 2021 Jun 16;26(12):3672. doi: 10.3390/molecules26123672.
   20. Quo vadis Cardiac Glycoside Research? Bejček J et al. 2021 Toxins (Basel). 2021 May 11;13(5):344. doi: 10.3390/toxins13050344.
   21. Malayoside, a cardenolide glycoside extracted from Antiaris toxicaria Lesch, induces apoptosis in human non-small lung cancer cells via MAPK-Nur77 signaling pathway Hu QY et al. 2021 Biochem Pharmacol. 2021 Aug;190:114622. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114622. Epub 2021 May 24.
   22. Oleandrin, a cardiac glycoside, induces immunogenic cell death via the PERK/elF2α/ATF4/CHOP pathway in breast cancer Li X et al. 2021 Cell Death Dis. 2021 Mar 24;12(4):314. doi: 10.1038/s41419-021-03605-y.
   23. Ouabain Exhibited Strong Anticancer Effects in Melanoma Cells via Induction of Apoptosis, G2/M Phase Arrest, and Migration Inhibition Wang L et al. 2021 Onco Targets Ther. 2021 Feb 25;14:1261-1273. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S283548. eCollection 2021.
   24. Antiviral Effects of Oleandrin Newman RA et al. 2020 J Exp Pharmacol. 2020 Nov 16;12:503-515. doi: 10.2147/JEP.S273120. eCollection 2020.
   25. Proscillaridin A inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma progression through inducing mitochondrial damage and autophagy Luo M et al. 2021 Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2021 Jan 12;53(1):19-28. doi: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa139.
   26. Cardiac glycosides from the roots of Streblus asper Lour. and their apoptosis-inducing activities in A549 cells Zhang BD et al. 2021 Phytochemistry. 2021 Jan;181:112544. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112544. Epub 2020 Oct 30.
   27. Antitumor Activity of the Cardiac Glycoside αlDiginoside by Modulating Mcl-1 in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells Weng JR et al. 2020 Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 26;21(21):7947. doi: 10.3390/ijms21217947.
   28. Screening of medicinal herbs for cytotoxic activity to leukemia cells Thi Kim Ly B et al. 2020 J BUON. 2020 Jul-Aug;25(4):1989-1996.
   29. Inhibition of JNK-Mediated Autophagy Promotes Proscillaridin A- Induced Apoptosis via ROS Generation, Intracellular Ca(+2) Oscillation and Inhibiting STAT3 Signaling in Breast Cancer Cells Saleem MZ et al. 2020 Front Pharmacol. 2020 Sep 4;11:01055. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01055. eCollection 2020.
   30. Cardiac glycosides inhibit cancer through Na/K-ATPase-dependent cell death induction Geng X et al. 2020 Biochem Pharmacol. 2020 Dec;182:114226. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114226. Epub 2020 Sep 22.
   31. Targeting the Otub1/c-Maf axis for the treatment of multiple myeloma Xu Y et al. 2021 Blood. 2021 Mar 18;137(11):1478-1490. doi: 10.1182/blood.2020005199.
   32. Targeting UHRF1-dependent DNA repair selectively sensitizes KRAS mutant lung cancer to chemotherapy Tian D et al. 2020 Cancer Lett. 2020 Nov 28;493:80-90. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.08.008. Epub 2020 Aug 16.
   33. Prospects and Therapeutic Applications of Cardiac Glycosides in Cancer Remediation Ayogu JI et al. 2020 ACS Comb Sci. 2020 Nov 9;22(11):543-553. doi: 10.1021/acscombsci.0c00082. Epub 2020 Aug 24.
   34. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells Exhibit Differential Sensitivity to Cardenolides from Calotropis gigantea Pederson PJ et al. 2020 J Nat Prod. 2020 Jul 24;83(7):2269-2280. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00423. Epub 2020 Jul 10.
   35. Bufalin inhibits hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma development through androgen receptor dephosphorylation and cell cycle-related kinase degradation Yu Z et al. 2020 Cell Oncol (Dordr). 2020 Dec;43(6):1129-1145. doi: 10.1007/s13402-020-00546-0. Epub 2020 Jul 4.
   36. Implications for glycosylated compounds and their anti-cancer effects Pourakbari R et al. 2020 Int J Biol Macromol. 2020 Nov 15;163:1323-1332. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.281. Epub 2020 Jul 3.
   37. A Phase II, Single-Arm, Open-Label, Bayesian Adaptive Efficacy and Safety Study of PBI-05204 in Patients with Stage IV Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Roth MT et al. 2020 Oncologist. 2020 Oct;25(10):e1446-e1450. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2020-0440. Epub 2020 Jul 2.
   38. Digoxin lowers the incidence of prostate cancer: A nationwide population-based study Lin TP et al. 2020 J Chin Med Assoc. 2020 Apr;83(4):377-381. doi: 10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000288.
   39. Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase-Targeted Cytotoxicity of (+)-Digoxin and Several Semisynthetic Derivatives Ren Y et al. 2020 J Nat Prod. 2020 Mar 27;83(3):638-648. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01060. Epub 2020 Feb 25.
   40. Downregulation of BIS sensitizes A549 cells for digoxin-mediated inhibition of invasion and migration by the STAT3-dependent pathway Yun HH et al. 2020 Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020 Apr 9;524(3):643-648. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.154. Epub 2020 Feb 4.
   41. Strophanthidin Attenuates MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathways in Human Cancers Reddy D et al. 2020 Front Oncol. 2020 Jan 17;9:1469. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01469. eCollection 2019.
   42. Proscillaridin A slows the prostate cancer progression through triggering the activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress Wang F et al. 2020 Cell Cycle. 2020 Mar;19(5):541-550. doi: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1716484. Epub 2020 Feb 2.
   43. Oleandrin induces apoptosis via activating endoplasmic reticulum stress in breast cancer cells Li XX et al. 2020 Biomed Pharmacother. 2020 Apr;124:109852. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109852. Epub 2020 Jan 20.
   44. Cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic cardiac glycosides isolated from the combined flowers, leaves, and twigs of Streblus asper Ren Y et al. 2020 Bioorg Med Chem. 2020 Feb 15;28(4):115301. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115301. Epub 2020 Jan 7.
   45. Cardiac glycosides are broad-spectrum senolytics Guerrero A et al. 2019 Nat Metab. 2019 Nov;1(11):1074-1088. doi: 10.1038/s42255-019-0122-z. Epub 2019 Oct 21.
   46. Cardiac Glycoside Compound Isolated from Helleborus thibetanus Franch Displays Potent Toxicity against HeLa Cervical Carcinoma Cells through ROS-Independent Autophagy Man S et al. 2019 Chem Res Toxicol. 2019 Dec 16;32(12):2479-2487. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00318. Epub 2019 Nov 12.
   47. A novel source of the cardiac glycoside digoxin from the endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum: isolation, characterization, production enhancement by gamma irradiation mutagenesis and anticancer activity evaluation El-Sayed ER et al. 2020 J Appl Microbiol. 2020 Mar;128(3):747-762. doi: 10.1111/jam.14510. Epub 2019 Nov 22.
   48. Proscillaridin A induces apoptosis and inhibits the metastasis of osteosarcoma in vitro and in vivo Fang S et al. 2020 Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020 Jan 22;521(4):880-886. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.012. Epub 2019 Nov 7.
   49. Ouabain signaling in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells Saito S et al. 2019 J Oral Sci. 2019 Nov 27;61(4):498-503. doi: 10.2334/josnusd.18-0411. Epub 2019 Sep 20.
   50. The In Vitro Anti-Cancer Activities of 17βH-Neriifolin Isolated from Cerbera odollam and its Binding Activity on Na+, K+-ATPase Yunos NM et al. 2020 Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2020;21(1):37-44. doi: 10.2174/1389201020666190917154850.
   51. [Cancer cell-specific functional relation between Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and volume-regulated anion channel] Fujii T et al. 2019 Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2019;154(3):103-107. doi: 10.1254/fpj.154.103.
   52. Circadian sensitivity to the cardiac glycoside oleandrin is associated with diurnal intestinal P-glycoprotein expression Zhou C et al. 2019 Biochem Pharmacol. 2019 Nov;169:113622. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.08.024. Epub 2019 Aug 28.
   53. Bufalin, a Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound, Prevents Tumor Formation in Two Murine Models of Colorectal Cancer Sun X et al. 2019 Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2019 Oct;12(10):653-666. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-19-0134. Epub 2019 Aug 20.
   54. Cardiac glycoside sensitized hepatocellular carcinoma cells to TRAIL via ROS generation, p38MAPK, mitochondrial transition, and autophagy mediation Rasheduzzaman M et al. 2019 Mol Carcinog. 2019 Nov;58(11):2040-2051. doi: 10.1002/mc.23096. Epub 2019 Aug 8.
   55. A new cardenolide glycoside from the roots of Streptocaulon juventas (lour.) merr. (Asclepiadaceae) Bui XH et al. 2021 Nat Prod Res. 2021 Apr;35(7):1192-1198. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1641806. Epub 2019 Aug 1.
   56. Hydro-ethanol seed extract of Theobroma cacao exhibits antioxidant activities and potential anticancer property Ebuehi OAT et al. 2019 J Food Biochem. 2019 Apr;43(4):e12767. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.12767. Epub 2019 Feb 5.
   57. Anti-epileptic effect of 16-O-acetyldigitoxigenin via suppressing mTOR signaling pathway Tu W et al. 2019 Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2019 Jun 30;65(5):59-63.
   58. Oxidative stress as candidate therapeutic target to overcome microenvironmental protection of CLL Yosifov DY et al. 2020 Leukemia. 2020 Jan;34(1):115-127. doi: 10.1038/s41375-019-0513-x. Epub 2019 Jul 12.
   59. Targeting β2 subunit of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase induces glioblastoma cell apoptosis through elevation of intracellular Ca(2) Li S et al. 2019 Am J Cancer Res. 2019 Jun 1;9(6):1293-1308. eCollection 2019.
   60. Ouabain-regulated phosphoproteome reveals molecular mechanisms for Na(+), K(+)-ATPase control of cell adhesion, proliferation, and survival Panizza E et al. 2019 FASEB J. 2019 Sep;33(9):10193-10206. doi: 10.1096/fj.201900445R. Epub 2019 Jul 10.
   61. Heart failure drug proscillaridin A targets MYC overexpressing leukemia through global loss of lysine acetylation Da Costa EM et al. 2019 J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2019 Jun 13;38(1):251. doi: 10.1186/s13046-019-1242-8.
   62. Cardiac glycoside cerberin exerts anticancer activity through PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal transduction inhibition Hossan MS et al. 2019 Cancer Lett. 2019 Jul 1;453:57-73. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.03.034. Epub 2019 Mar 28.
   63. Lanatoside C protects mice against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis through suppression of fibroblast proliferation and differentiation Nie Y et al. 2019 Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2019 Jun;46(6):575-586. doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.13081. Epub 2019 Apr 7.
   64. Divaricoside Exerts Antitumor Effects, in Part, by Modulating Mcl-1 in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells Weng JR et al. 2019 Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2019 Jan 26;17:151-159. doi: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.01.004. eCollection 2019.
   65. Design and synthesis of biotinylated cardiac glycosides for probing Nur77 protein inducting pathway Tian DM et al. 2019 Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2019 Mar 1;29(5):707-712. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.01.015. Epub 2019 Jan 16.
   66. The connection between the cardiac glycoside-induced senescent cell morphology and Rho/Rho kinase pathway Şimay YD et al. 2018 Cytoskeleton (Hoboken). 2018 Nov;75(11):461-471. doi: 10.1002/cm.21502. Epub 2018 Dec 7.
   67. Systems biology-based drug repositioning identifies digoxin as a potential therapy for groups 3 and 4 medulloblastoma Huang L et al. 2018 Sci Transl Med. 2018 Oct 24;10(464):eaat0150. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aat0150.
   68. Proscillaridin A exerts anti-tumor effects through GSK3β activation and alteration of microtubule dynamics in glioblastoma Berges R et al. 2018 Cell Death Dis. 2018 Sep 24;9(10):984. doi: 10.1038/s41419-018-1018-7.
   69. A cardiac glycoside HTF-1 isolated from Helleborus thibetanus Franch displays potent in vitro anti-cancer activity via caspase-9, MAPK and PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathways Ma L et al. 2018 Eur J Med Chem. 2018 Oct 5;158:743-752. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.019. Epub 2018 Sep 13.
   70. Sodium chloride (NaCl) potentiates digoxin-induced anti-tumor activity in small cell lung cancer Deng K et al. 2019 Cancer Biol Ther. 2019;20(1):52-64. doi: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1504723. Epub 2018 Sep 5.
   71. Proscillaridin A induces apoptosis, inhibits STAT3 activation and augments doxorubicin toxicity in prostate cancer cells He Y et al. 2018 Int J Med Sci. 2018 May 22;15(8):832-839. doi: 10.7150/ijms.23270. eCollection 2018.
   72. Tissue distribution study of periplocin and its two metabolites in rats by a validated LC-MS/MS method Liu H et al. 2018 Biomed Chromatogr. 2018 Oct;32(10):e4302. doi: 10.1002/bmc.4302. Epub 2018 Jun 26.
   73. Discovery and characterization of a prevalent human gut bacterial enzyme sufficient for the inactivation of a family of plant toxins Koppel N et al. 2018 Elife. 2018 May 15;7:e33953. doi: 10.7554/eLife.33953.
   74. Proscillaridin A Promotes Oxidative Stress and ER Stress, Inhibits STAT3 Activation, and Induces Apoptosis in A549 Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells Maryam A et al. 2018 Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018 Jan 11;2018:3853409. doi: 10.1155/2018/3853409. eCollection 2018.
   75. Cardiac glycoside bufalin blocks cancer cell growth by inhibition of Aurora A and Aurora B activation via PI3K-Akt pathway Xie CM et al. 2018 Oncotarget. 2018 Feb 9;9(17):13783-13795. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.24475. eCollection 2018 Mar 2.
   76. Cardiac Glycoside Glucoevatromonoside Induces Cancer Type-Specific Cell Death Schneider NFZ et al. 2018 Front Pharmacol. 2018 Mar 1;9:70. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00070. eCollection 2018.
   77. Lanatoside C inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis through attenuating Wnt/β-catenin/c-Myc signaling pathway in human gastric cancer cell Hu Y et al. 2018 Biochem Pharmacol. 2018 Apr;150:280-292. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.023. Epub 2018 Feb 21.
   78. Ouabain suppresses the growth and migration abilities of glioma U‑87MG cells through inhibiting the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and downregulating the expression of HIF‑1α Yang XS et al. 2018 Mol Med Rep. 2018 Apr;17(4):5595-5600. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8587. Epub 2018 Feb 12.
   79. Preconditioning and Postconditioning by Cardiac Glycosides in the Mouse Heart Duan Q et al. 2018 J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2018 Feb;71(2):95-103. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0000000000000549.
   80. Neuroprotective and tumoricidal activities of cardiac glycosides. Could oleandrin be a new weapon against stroke and glioblastoma? Elmaci İ et al. 2018 Int J Neurosci. 2018 Sep;128(9):865-877. doi: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1435540. Epub 2018 Feb 15.
   81. Anti-proliferative effect of digoxin on breast cancer cells via inducing apoptosis Zhao YT et al. 2017 Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Dec;21(24):5837-5842. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_201712_14032.
   82. Antioxidant and Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species/Reactive Nitrogen Species Scavenging Activities of Three Porcupine Bezoars from Hystrix brachyura Yew PN et al. 2017 Pharmacognosy Res. 2017 Oct-Dec;9(4):366-371. doi: 10.4103/pr.pr_145_16.
   83. Differential response to exercise in claudin-low breast cancer Glass OK et al. 2017 Oncotarget. 2017 Sep 19;8(60):100989-101004. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.21054. eCollection 2017 Nov 24.
   84. Introduction of Adonis aestivalis as a new source of effective cytotoxic cardiac glycoside Hosseini M et al. 2019 Nat Prod Res. 2019 Mar;33(6):915-920. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1413573. Epub 2017 Dec 13.
   85. Cytotoxic Cardiac Glycoside Constituents of Vallaris glabra Leaves Kruakaew S et al. 2017 J Nat Prod. 2017 Nov 22;80(11):2987-2996. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00554. Epub 2017 Oct 26.
   86. Redox-responsive PEGylated self-assembled prodrug-nanoparticles formed by single disulfide bond bridge periplocymarin-vitamin E conjugate for liver cancer chemotherapy Zhang H et al. 2017 Drug Deliv. 2017 Nov;24(1):1170-1178. doi: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1365393.
   87. The cardiac glycoside convallatoxin inhibits the growth of colorectal cancer cells in a p53-independent manner Anderson SE et al. 2017 Mol Genet Metab Rep. 2017 Aug 7;13:42-45. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2017.07.011. eCollection 2017 Dec.
   88. Anti-tumorigenic effects of a novel digitoxin derivative on both estrogen receptor-positive and triple-negative breast cancer cells Kulkarni YM et al. 2017 Tumour Biol. 2017 Jun;39(6):1010428317705331. doi: 10.1177/1010428317705331.
   89. The cardiac glycoside oleandrin induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells via the mitochondrial pathway Pan L et al. 2017 Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2017 Jul;80(1):91-100. doi: 10.1007/s00280-017-3337-2. Epub 2017 Jun 8.
   90. Digoxin Attenuates Murine Experimental Colitis by Downregulating Th17-related Cytokines Tani S et al. 2017 Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2017 May;23(5):728-738. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000001096.
   91. Cardiac glycosides suppress the maintenance of stemness and malignancy via inhibiting HIF-1α in human glioma stem cells Lee DH et al. 2017 Oncotarget. 2017 Jun 20;8(25):40233-40245. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.16714.
   92. Lanatoside C, a cardiac glycoside, acts through protein kinase Cδ to cause apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells Chao MW et al. 2017 Sci Rep. 2017 Apr 7;7:46134. doi: 10.1038/srep46134.
   93. (+)-Strebloside-Induced Cytotoxicity in Ovarian Cancer Cells Is Mediated through Cardiac Glycoside Signaling Networks Chen WL et al. 2017 J Nat Prod. 2017 Mar 24;80(3):659-669. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01150. Epub 2017 Feb 24.
   94. The Associations of Atrial Fibrillation With the Risks of Incident Invasive Breast and Colorectal Cancer Wassertheil-Smoller S et al. 2017 Am J Epidemiol. 2017 Mar 1;185(5):372-384. doi: 10.1093/aje/kww185.
   95. A new semisynthetic cardenolide analog 3β-[2-(1-amantadine)- 1-on-ethylamine]-digitoxigenin (AMANTADIG) affects G2/M cell cycle arrest and miRNA expression profiles and enhances proapoptotic survivin-2B expression in renal cell carcinoma cell lines Nolte E et al. 2017 Oncotarget. 2017 Feb 14;8(7):11676-11691. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.14644.
   96. Cardiac Glycoside Constituents of Streblus asper with Potential Antineoplastic Activity Ren Y et al. 2017 J Nat Prod. 2017 Mar 24;80(3):648-658. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00924. Epub 2016 Dec 16.
   97. Delivery of acetylthevetin B, an antitumor cardiac glycoside, using polymeric micelles for enhanced therapeutic efficacy against lung cancer cells Zhu JJ et al. 2017 Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2017 Feb;38(2):290-300. doi: 10.1038/aps.2016.113. Epub 2016 Dec 5.
   98. Bcl-2 protein family expression pattern determines synergistic pro-apoptotic effects of BH3 mimetics with hemisynthetic cardiac glycoside UNBS1450 in acute myeloid leukemia Cerella C et al. 2017 Leukemia. 2017 Mar;31(3):755-759. doi: 10.1038/leu.2016.341. Epub 2016 Nov 22.
   99. Cardiac glycosides and breast cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies Karasneh RA et al. 2017 Int J Cancer. 2017 Mar 1;140(5):1035-1041. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30520. Epub 2016 Nov 27.
   100. Octreotide-periplocymarin conjugate prodrug for improving targetability and anti-tumor efficiency: synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluation Zhang HY et al. 2016 Oncotarget. 2016 Dec 27;7(52):86326-86338. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.13389.
   101. Cytotoxic cardiac glycosides from the fruit (pods) of Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult Ahmed SK et al. 2017 Nat Prod Res. 2017 May;31(10):1205-1208. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1226826. Epub 2016 Sep 1.
   102. Cardiac glycosides: From molecular targets to immunogenic cell death Diederich M et al. 2017 Biochem Pharmacol. 2017 Feb 1;125:1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.08.017. Epub 2016 Aug 20.
   103. Digoxin is a selective modifier increasing platinum drug anticancer activity Bogush TA et al. 2016 Dokl Biochem Biophys. 2016 May;468(1):220-3. doi: 10.1134/S1607672916030170. Epub 2016 Jul 15.
   104. Dual activities of the anti-cancer drug candidate PBI-05204 provide neuroprotection in brain slice models for neurodegenerative diseases and stroke Van Kanegan MJ et al. 2016 Sci Rep. 2016 May 12;6:25626. doi: 10.1038/srep25626.
   105. Peruvoside, a Cardiac Glycoside, Induces Primitive Myeloid Leukemia Cell Death Feng Q et al. 2016 Molecules. 2016 Apr 22;21(4):534. doi: 10.3390/molecules21040534.
   106. Repurposed drug screen identifies cardiac glycosides as inhibitors of TGF-β-induced cancer-associated fibroblast differentiation Coleman DT et al. 2016 Oncotarget. 2016 May 31;7(22):32200-9. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.8609.
   107. Cardiac glycoside-induced cell death and Rho/Rho kinase pathway: Implication of different regulation in cancer cell lines Özdemir A et al. 2016 Steroids. 2016 May;109:29-43. doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.03.015. Epub 2016 Mar 23.
   108. Compound Library Screening Identified Cardiac Glycoside Digitoxin as an Effective Growth Inhibitor of Gefitinib-Resistant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer via Downregulation of α-Tubulin and Inhibition of Microtubule Formation Zhang YZ et al. 2016 Molecules. 2016 Mar 18;21(3):374. doi: 10.3390/molecules21030374.
   109. Characterization of Cardiac Glycoside Natural Products as Potent Inhibitors of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair by a Whole-Cell Double Immunofluorescence Assay Surovtseva YV et al. 2016 J Am Chem Soc. 2016 Mar 23;138(11):3844-55. doi: 10.1021/jacs.6b00162. Epub 2016 Mar 9.
   110. Targeting FXYD2 by cardiac glycosides potently blocks tumor growth in ovarian clear cell carcinoma Hsu IL et al. 2016 Oncotarget. 2016 Sep 27;7(39):62925-62938. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.7497.
   111. Liver cancer cells are sensitive to Lanatoside C induced cell death independent of their PTEN status Durmaz I et al. 2016 Phytomedicine. 2016 Jan 15;23(1):42-51. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.11.012. Epub 2015 Dec 12.
   112. Tumor targeted delivery of octreotide-periplogenin conjugate: Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluation Zhang HY et al. 2016 Int J Pharm. 2016 Apr 11;502(1-2):98-106. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.02.024. Epub 2016 Feb 18.
   113. Use of cardiac glycosides and risk of glioma Seliger C et al. 2016 J Neurooncol. 2016 Apr;127(2):321-8. doi: 10.1007/s11060-015-2036-2. Epub 2015 Dec 31.
   114. Intracranial AAV-sTRAIL combined with lanatoside C prolongs survival in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of invasive glioblastoma Crommentuijn MH et al. 2016 Mol Oncol. 2016 Apr;10(4):625-34. doi: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.11.011. Epub 2015 Dec 11.
   115. Digitoxin enhances the growth inhibitory effects of thapsigargin and simvastatin on ER negative human breast cancer cells Einbond LS et al. 2016 Fitoterapia. 2016 Mar;109:146-54. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.12.005. Epub 2015 Dec 12.
   116. Cell type-dependent ROS and mitophagy response leads to apoptosis or necroptosis in neuroblastoma Radogna F et al. 2016 Oncogene. 2016 Jul 21;35(29):3839-53. doi: 10.1038/onc.2015.455. Epub 2015 Dec 7.
   117. Epi-reevesioside F inhibits Na+/K+-ATPase, causing cytosolic acidification, Bak activation and apoptosis in glioblastoma Hsu JL et al. 2015 Oncotarget. 2015 Sep 15;6(27):24032-46. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.4429.
   118. Early downregulation of Mcl-1 regulates apoptosis triggered by cardiac glycoside UNBS1450 Cerella C et al. 2015 Cell Death Dis. 2015 Jun 11;6(6):e1782. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2015.134.
   119. Cardiac glycosides induced toxicity in human cells expressing α1-, α2-, or α3-isoforms of Na-K-ATPase Cherniavsky Lev M et al. 2015 Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2015 Jul 15;309(2):C126-35. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00089.2015.
   120. Digoxin Suppresses Tumor Malignancy through Inhibiting Multiple Src-Related Signaling Pathways in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Lin SY et al. 2015 PLoS One. 2015 May 8;10(5):e0123305. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123305. eCollection 2015.
   121. Inactivation of Src-to-ezrin pathway: a possible mechanism in the ouabain-mediated inhibition of A549 cell migration Shin HK et al. 2015 Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:537136. doi: 10.1155/2015/537136. Epub 2015 Mar 19.
   122. Targeting Na⁺/K⁺ -translocating adenosine triphosphatase in cancer treatment Durlacher CT et al. 2015 Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2015 May;42(5):427-43. doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.12385.
   123. Hypoxia enhances migration and invasion in glioblastoma by promoting a mesenchymal shift mediated by the HIF1α-ZEB1 axis Joseph JV et al. 2015 Cancer Lett. 2015 Apr 1;359(1):107-16. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.01.010. Epub 2015 Jan 12.
   124. TXA9, a cardiac glycoside from Streptocaulon juventas, exerts a potent anti-tumor activity against human non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo Xue R et al. 2015 Steroids. 2015 Feb;94:51-9. doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.12.015. Epub 2014 Dec 30.
   125. PBI-05204, a supercritical CO₂ extract of Nerium oleander, inhibits growth of human pancreatic cancer via targeting the PI3K/mTOR pathway Pan Y et al. 2015 Invest New Drugs. 2015 Apr;33(2):271-9. doi: 10.1007/s10637-014-0190-6. Epub 2014 Dec 6.
   126. Proscillaridin A is cytotoxic for glioblastoma cell lines and controls tumor xenograft growth in vivo Denicolaï E et al. 2014 Oncotarget. 2014 Nov 15;5(21):10934-48. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.2541.
   127. Cardiac glycoside activities link Na(+)/K(+) ATPase ion-transport to breast cancer cell migration via correlative SAR Magpusao AN et al. 2015 ACS Chem Biol. 2015 Feb 20;10(2):561-9. doi: 10.1021/cb500665r. Epub 2014 Nov 26.
   128. Mechanisms of action of 17βH-neriifolin on its anticancer effect in SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cell line Mutalip SS et al. 2014 Anticancer Res. 2014 Aug;34(8):4141-51.
   129. Intracellular calcium regulates nonsense-mediated mRNA decay Nickless A et al. 2014 Nat Med. 2014 Aug;20(8):961-6. doi: 10.1038/nm.3620. Epub 2014 Jul 27.
   130. Inhibition of epidermal growth factor signaling by the cardiac glycoside ouabain in medulloblastoma Wolle D et al. 2014 Cancer Med. 2014 Oct;3(5):1146-58. doi: 10.1002/cam4.314. Epub 2014 Jul 23.
   131. First-in-human study of pbi-05204, an oleander-derived inhibitor of akt, fgf-2, nf-κΒ and p70s6k, in patients with advanced solid tumors Hong DS et al. 2014 Invest New Drugs. 2014 Dec;32(6):1204-12. doi: 10.1007/s10637-014-0127-0. Epub 2014 Jun 13.
   132. Cardiac glycosides from the bark of Antiaris toxicaria Li XS et al. 2014 Fitoterapia. 2014 Sep;97:71-7. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.05.013. Epub 2014 May 28.
   133. P-glycoprotein- and organic anion-transporting polypeptide-mediated transport of periplocin may lead to drug-herb/drug-drug interactions Liang S et al. 2014 Drug Des Devel Ther. 2014 May 9;8:475-83. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S61024. eCollection 2014.
   134. Systemic anticancer neural stem cells in combination with a cardiac glycoside for glioblastoma therapy Teng J et al. 2014 Stem Cells. 2014 Aug;32(8):2021-32. doi: 10.1002/stem.1727.
   135. Proceraside A, a new cardiac glycoside from the root barks of Calotropis procera with in vitro anticancer effects Ibrahim SR et al. 2014 Nat Prod Res. 2014;28(17):1322-7. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2014.901323. Epub 2014 Mar 31.
   136. Cardiac glycoside ouabain induces autophagic cell death in non-small cell lung cancer cells via a JNK-dependent decrease of Bcl-2 Trenti A et al. 2014 Biochem Pharmacol. 2014 May 15;89(2):197-209. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.02.021. Epub 2014 Mar 11.
   137. Development of a Kinetic Assay for Late Endosome Movement Esner M et al. 2014 J Biomol Screen. 2014 Aug;19(7):1070-8. doi: 10.1177/1087057114524278. Epub 2014 Feb 20.
   138. BDNF mediates neuroprotection against oxygen-glucose deprivation by the cardiac glycoside oleandrin Van Kanegan MJ et al. 2014 J Neurosci. 2014 Jan 15;34(3):963-8. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2700-13.2014.
   139. Periplocymarin is a potential natural compound for drug development: highly permeable with absence of P-glycoprotein efflux and cytochrome P450 inhibitions Martey ON et al. 2014 Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2014 May;35(4):195-206. doi: 10.1002/bdd.1884. Epub 2014 Jan 14.
   140. Bufalin is a potent small-molecule inhibitor of the steroid receptor coactivators SRC-3 and SRC-1 Wang Y et al. 2014 Cancer Res. 2014 Mar 1;74(5):1506-1517. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-2939. Epub 2014 Jan 3.
   141. Human breast tumor cells are more resistant to cardiac glycoside toxicity than non-tumorigenic breast cells Clifford RJ et al. 2013 PLoS One. 2013 Dec 13;8(12):e84306. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084306. eCollection 2013.
   142. Oleandrin: A cardiac glycosides with potent cytotoxicity Kumar A et al. 2013 Pharmacogn Rev. 2013 Jul;7(14):131-9. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.120512.
   143. Monosaccharide digitoxin derivative sensitize human non-small cell lung cancer cells to anoikis through Mcl-1 proteasomal degradation Pongrakhananon V et al. 2014 Biochem Pharmacol. 2014 Mar 1;88(1):23-35. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.027. Epub 2013 Nov 11.
   144. Ubiquitination-dependent quality control of hERG K+ channel with acquired and inherited conformational defect at the plasma membrane Apaja PM et al. 2013 Mol Biol Cell. 2013 Dec;24(24):3787-804. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E13-07-0417. Epub 2013 Oct 23.
   145. Ouabain, a cardiac glycoside, inhibits the Fanconi anemia/BRCA pathway activated by DNA interstrand cross-linking agents Jun DW et al. 2013 PLoS One. 2013 Oct 4;8(10):e75905. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075905. eCollection 2013.
   146. Reevesioside F induces potent and efficient anti-proliferative and apoptotic activities through Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase α3 subunit-involved mitochondrial stress and amplification of caspase cascades Chan SH et al. 2013 Biochem Pharmacol. 2013 Dec 1;86(11):1564-75. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.09.021. Epub 2013 Oct 4.
   147. Digitoxin sensitizes glioma cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis by upregulation of death receptor 5 and downregulation of survivin Lee DH et al. 2014 Anticancer Drugs. 2014 Jan;25(1):44-52. doi: 10.1097/CAD.0000000000000015.
   148. A cohort study of digoxin exposure and mortality in men with prostate cancer Flahavan EM et al. 2014 BJU Int. 2014 Feb;113(2):236-45. doi: 10.1111/bju.12287. Epub 2013 Aug 13.
   149. Ouabain suppresses the migratory behavior of lung cancer cells Pongrakhananon V et al. 2013 PLoS One. 2013 Jul 10;8(7):e68623. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068623. Print 2013.
   150. Digitoxin induces apoptosis in cancer cells by inhibiting nuclear factor of activated T-cells-driven c-MYC expression Yang QF et al. 2013 J Carcinog. 2013 May 20;12:8. doi: 10.4103/1477-3163.112268. Print 2013.
   151. Cardiac glycosides correct aberrant splicing of IKBKAP-encoded mRNA in familial dysautonomia derived cells by suppressing expression of SRSF3 Liu B et al. 2013 FEBS J. 2013 Aug;280(15):3632-46. doi: 10.1111/febs.12355. Epub 2013 Jun 18.
   152. Cardiac glycosides block cancer growth through HIF-1α- and NF-κB-mediated Plk1 Xie CM et al. 2013 Carcinogenesis. 2013 Aug;34(8):1870-80. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgt136. Epub 2013 Apr 24.
   153. Receptor-mediated oxidative stress in murine cerebellar neurons is accompanied by phosphorylation of MAP (ERK 1/2) kinase Rybakova Y et al. 2012 Curr Aging Sci. 2012 Dec;5(3):225-30. doi: 10.2174/1874609811205030009.
   154. Evaluation of chromosome aberrations induced by digoxin in Chinese hamster ovary cells Sedigh-Ardekani M et al. 2013 EXCLI J. 2013 Jun 12;12:523-7. eCollection 2013.
   155. The traditional medical uses and cytotoxic activities of sixty-one Egyptian plants: discovery of an active cardiac glycoside from Urginea maritima El-Seedi HR et al. 2013 J Ethnopharmacol. 2013 Feb 13;145(3):746-57. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.007. Epub 2012 Dec 8.
   156. Digitoxin and its analogs as novel cancer therapeutics Elbaz HA et al. 2012 Exp Hematol Oncol. 2012 Apr 5;1(1):4. doi: 10.1186/2162-3619-1-4.
   157. Pro-death and pro-survival properties of ouabain in U937 lymphoma derived cells Cuozzo F et al. 2012 J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2012 Nov 15;31(1):95. doi: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-95.
   158. Identification of cardiac glycoside molecules as inhibitors of c-Myc IRES-mediated translation Didiot MC et al. 2013 J Biomol Screen. 2013 Apr;18(4):407-19. doi: 10.1177/1087057112466698. Epub 2012 Nov 13.
   159. Nerium oleander derived cardiac glycoside oleandrin is a novel inhibitor of HIV infectivity Singh S et al. 2013 Fitoterapia. 2013 Jan;84:32-9. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.10.017. Epub 2012 Nov 2.
   160. Cellular location and expression of Na+, K+ -ATPase α subunits affect the anti-proliferative activity of oleandrin Yang P et al. 2014 Mol Carcinog. 2014 Apr;53(4):253-63. doi: 10.1002/mc.21968. Epub 2012 Oct 16.
   161. Structures of YAP protein domains reveal promising targets for development of new cancer drugs Sudol M et al. 2012 Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2012 Sep;23(7):827-33. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.05.002. Epub 2012 May 17.
   162. Zebrafish chemical screening reveals the impairment of dopaminergic neuronal survival by cardiac glycosides Sun Y et al. 2012 PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35645. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035645. Epub 2012 Apr 26.
   163. Quiescence and γH2AX in neuroblastoma are regulated by ouabain/Na,K-ATPase Hiyoshi H et al. 2012 Br J Cancer. 2012 May 22;106(11):1807-15. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2012.159. Epub 2012 Apr 24.
   164. Versatile pathway-centric approach based on high-throughput sequencing to anticancer drug discovery Li H et al. 2012 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Mar 20;109(12):4609-14. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1200305109. Epub 2012 Mar 6.
   165. Bioactive compounds from Carissa spinarum Wangteeraprasert R et al. 2012 Phytother Res. 2012 Oct;26(10):1496-9. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4607. Epub 2012 Feb 6.
   166. A novel two-stage, transdisciplinary study identifies digoxin as a possible drug for prostate cancer treatment Platz EA et al. 2011 Cancer Discov. 2011 Jun;1(1):68-77. doi: 10.1158/2159-8274.CD-10-0020.
   167. In vitro and in vivo neuroprotective activity of the cardiac glycoside oleandrin from Nerium oleander in brain slice-based stroke models Dunn DE et al. 2011 J Neurochem. 2011 Nov;119(4):805-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07439.x. Epub 2011 Sep 26.
   168. Digitoxin-induced cytotoxicity in cancer cells is mediated through distinct kinase and interferon signaling networks Prassas I et al. 2011 Mol Cancer Ther. 2011 Nov;10(11):2083-93. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-11-0421. Epub 2011 Aug 22.
   169. Stereochemical survey of digitoxin monosaccharides: new anticancer analogues with enhanced apoptotic activity and growth inhibitory effect on human non-small cell lung cancer cell Wang HY et al. 2011 ACS Med Chem Lett. 2011 Jan 13;2(1):73-78. doi: 10.1021/ml100219d.
   170. Acoschimperoside P, 2′-acetate: a Hedgehog signaling inhibitory constituent from Vallaris glabra Rifai Y et al. 2011 J Nat Med. 2011 Jul;65(3-4):629-32. doi: 10.1007/s11418-011-0530-1. Epub 2011 Apr 6.
   171. Neriifolin from seeds of Cerbera manghas L. induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells Zhao Q et al. 2011 Fitoterapia. 2011 Jul;82(5):735-41. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.03.004. Epub 2011 Mar 31.
   172. Intra-arterial and oral digoxin therapy for retinoblastoma Patel M et al. 2011 Ophthalmic Genet. 2011 Sep;32(3):147-50. doi: 10.3109/13816810.2010.544530. Epub 2011 Mar 29.
   173. Synthesis and evaluation of cardiac glycoside mimics as potential anticancer drugs Jensen M et al. 2011 Bioorg Med Chem. 2011 Apr 1;19(7):2407-17. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.016. Epub 2011 Feb 16.
   174. The alpha-synuclein 5’untranslated region targeted translation blockers: anti-alpha synuclein efficacy of cardiac glycosides and Posiphen Rogers JT et al. 2011 J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2011 Mar;118(3):493-507. doi: 10.1007/s00702-010-0513-5. Epub 2011 Jan 8.
   175. A Direct Comparison of the Anticancer Activities of Digitoxin MeON-Neoglycosides and O-Glycosides: Oligosaccharide Chain Length-Dependent Induction of Caspase-9-Mediated Apoptosis Iyer AK et al. 2010 ACS Med Chem Lett. 2010 Jul 12;1(7):326-330. doi: 10.1021/ml1000933.
   176. Cardiac glycosides are potent inhibitors of interferon-β gene expression Ye J et al. 2011 Nat Chem Biol. 2011 Jan;7(1):25-33. doi: 10.1038/nchembio.476. Epub 2010 Nov 14.
   177. β-D-Glucosyl-(1-4)-α-L-thevetosides of 17β-digitoxigenin from seeds of Cerbera manghas L. induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells Feng B et al. 2012 Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2012 Jul;64(5):403-10. doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.10.005. Epub 2010 Oct 30.
   178. Cardiac glycosides decrease prostate specific antigen expression by down-regulation of prostate derived Ets factor Juang HH et al. 2010 J Urol. 2010 Nov;184(5):2158-64. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.06.093. Epub 2010 Sep 17.
   179. UNBS1450, a steroid cardiac glycoside inducing apoptotic cell death in human leukemia cells Juncker T et al. 2011 Biochem Pharmacol. 2011 Jan 1;81(1):13-23. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.08.025. Epub 2010 Sep 21.
   180. Antiarol cinnamate and africanoside, a cinnamoyl triterpene and a hydroperoxy-cardenolide from the stem bark of Antiaris africana Vouffo B et al. 2010 Planta Med. 2010 Oct;76(15):1717-23. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1249958. Epub 2010 Jun 8.
   181. Cardiac glycosides induce cell death in human cells by inhibiting general protein synthesis Perne A et al. 2009 PLoS One. 2009 Dec 16;4(12):e8292. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008292.
   182. 2′-epi-2′-O-Acetylthevetin B extracted from seeds of Cerbera manghas L. induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells Feng B et al. 2010 Chem Biol Interact. 2010 Jan 5;183(1):142-53. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.10.012.
   183. Cardiac glycosides inhibit p53 synthesis by a mechanism relieved by Src or MAPK inhibition Wang Z et al. 2009 Cancer Res. 2009 Aug 15;69(16):6556-64. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0891.
   184. 2′-Epi-2′-O-acetylthevetin B induces apoptosis partly via Ca(2+)-mediated mitochondrial pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells Feng B et al. 2009 Cell Biol Int. 2009 Sep;33(9):918-25. doi: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2009.06.013. Epub 2009 Jun 12.
   185. Inhibition of the sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase pump sensitizes cancer cells to anoikis and prevents distant tumor formation Simpson CD et al. 2009 Cancer Res. 2009 Apr 1;69(7):2739-47. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2530. Epub 2009 Mar 17.
   186. Determinants of human and mouse melanoma cell sensitivities to oleandrin Lin Y et al. 2008 J Exp Ther Oncol. 2008;7(3):195-205.
   187. Digoxin treatment is associated with an increased incidence of breast cancer: a population-based case-control study Ahern TP et al. 2008 Breast Cancer Res. 2008;10(6):R102. doi: 10.1186/bcr2205. Epub 2008 Dec 3.
   188. A new cytotoxic pregnanone from Calotropis gigantea Wang ZN et al. 2008 Molecules. 2008 Dec 4;13(12):3033-9. doi: 10.3390/molecules13123033.
   189. High-throughput screening identifies cardiac glycosides as potent inhibitors of human tissue kallikrein expression: implications for cancer therapies Prassas I et al. 2008 Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Sep 15;14(18):5778-84. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0706.
   190. Inhibition of the sodium/potassium ATPase impairs N-glycan expression and function Beheshti Zavareh R et al. 2008 Cancer Res. 2008 Aug 15;68(16):6688-97. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6833.
   191. Autophagic cell death of human pancreatic tumor cells mediated by oleandrin, a lipid-soluble cardiac glycoside Newman RA et al. 2007 Integr Cancer Ther. 2007 Dec;6(4):354-64. doi: 10.1177/1534735407309623.
   192. Digitoxin as an anticancer agent with selectivity for cancer cells: possible mechanisms involved López-Lázaro M et al. 2007 Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2007 Aug;11(8):1043-53. doi: 10.1517/14728222.11.8.1043.
   193. Cardiac glycoside induces cell death via FasL by activating calcineurin and NF-AT, but apoptosis initially proceeds through activation of caspases Raghavendra PB et al. 2007 Apoptosis. 2007 Feb;12(2):307-18. doi: 10.1007/s10495-006-0626-3.
   194. Oleandrin induces apoptosis in human, but not in murine cells: dephosphorylation of Akt, expression of FasL, and alteration of membrane fluidity Raghavendra PB et al. 2007 Mol Immunol. 2007 Mar;44(9):2292-302. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.11.009. Epub 2006 Dec 14.
   195. Oleandrin-mediated expression of Fas potentiates apoptosis in tumor cells Sreenivasan Y et al. 2006 J Clin Immunol. 2006 Jul;26(4):308-22. doi: 10.1007/s10875-006-9028-0. Epub 2006 Jun 16.
   196. Oleandrin-mediated oxidative stress in human melanoma cells Newman RA et al. 2006 J Exp Ther Oncol. 2006;5(3):167-81.
   197. Digitoxin, at concentrations commonly found in the plasma of cardiac patients, antagonizes etoposide and idarubicin activity in K562 leukemia cells López-Lázaro M et al. 2006 Leuk Res. 2006 Jul;30(7):895-8. doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.11.005. Epub 2006 Jan 4.
   198. Cardiac glycoside inhibits IL-8-induced biological responses by downregulating IL-8 receptors through altering membrane fluidity Manna SK et al. 2006 J Cell Physiol. 2006 Apr;207(1):195-207. doi: 10.1002/jcp.20555.
   199. Enhancing the anticancer properties of cardiac glycosides by neoglycorandomization Langenhan JM et al. 2005 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Aug 30;102(35):12305-10. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0503270102. Epub 2005 Aug 16.
   200. Cardiac glycosides inhibit TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB signaling by blocking recruitment of TNF receptor-associated death domain to the TNF receptor Yang Q et al. 2005 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jul 5;102(27):9631-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0504097102. Epub 2005 Jun 27.
   201. Murine pharmacokinetics and metabolism of oleandrin, a cytotoxic component of Nerium oleander Ni D et al. 2002 J Exp Ther Oncol. 2002 Sep-Oct;2(5):278-85. doi: 10.1046/j.1359-4117.2002.01052.x.
   202. Cardiac glycosides induce resistance to tubulin-dependent anticancer drugs in androgen-independent human prostate cancer Huang DM et al. 2002 J Biomed Sci. 2002 Sep-Oct;9(5):443-52. doi: 10.1007/BF02256539.
   203. Enhancement of radiotherapy by oleandrin is a caspase-3 dependent process Nasu S et al. 2002 Cancer Lett. 2002 Nov 28;185(2):145-51. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00263-x.
   204. Induction of p16INK4a transcription and of cellular senescence by aclacinomycin-derivatives and cardiac glycosides Egawa K et al. 2002 Biol Pharm Bull. 2002 Apr;25(4):461-5. doi: 10.1248/bpb.25.461.
   205. Inhibition of export of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) from the prostate cancer cell lines PC3 and DU145 by Anvirzel and its cardiac glycoside component, oleandrin Smith JA et al. 2001 Biochem Pharmacol. 2001 Aug 15;62(4):469-72. doi: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00690-6.
   206. Oleandrin suppresses activation of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB, activator protein-1, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase Manna SK et al. 2000 Cancer Res. 2000 Jul 15;60(14):3838-47.
   207. Comparing the toxicity of digoxin and digitoxin in a geriatric population: should an old drug be rediscovered? Roever C et al. 2000 South Med J. 2000 Feb;93(2):199-202.
   208. Purification and characterization of ouabain-binding protein in human plasma Komiyama Y et al. 1998 Clin Exp Hypertens. 1998 Jul-Aug;20(5-6):683-90. doi: 10.3109/10641969809053246.
   209. Modulation of cytokine production and protection against lethal endotoxemia by the cardiac glycoside ouabain Matsumori A et al. 1997 Circulation. 1997 Sep 2;96(5):1501-6. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.96.5.1501.
   210. Antitumor activity of thevetoside in vitro Zhang X et al. 1996 Chin Med J (Engl). 1996 Jun;109(6):478-81.
   211. Evomonoside: the cytotoxic cardiac glycoside from Lepidium apetalum Hyun JW et al. 1995 Planta Med. 1995 Jun;61(3):294-5. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-958084.
   212. The influence of Na+,K(+)-pump blockade on doxorubicin-mediated cytotoxicity and DNA strand breakage in human tumor cells Lawrence TS et al. 1990 Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;26(3):163-7. doi: 10.1007/BF02897193.
   213. Induction of mutagenesis and transformation in BALB/c-3T3 clone A31-1 cells by diverse chemical carcinogens Lubet RA et al. 1990 Environ Mol Mutagen. 1990;16(1):13-20. doi: 10.1002/em.2850160103.
   214. An endogenous digitalis-factor derived from the adrenal gland: studies of adrenocortical tumor cells Doris PA et al. 1989 Endocrinology. 1989 Nov;125(5):2580-6. doi: 10.1210/endo-125-5-2580.
   215. Dependence of etoposide-induced cytotoxicity and topoisomerase II-mediated DNA strand breakage on the intracellular ionic environment Lawrence TS et al. 1989 Cancer Res. 1989 Sep 1;49(17):4775-9.
   216. Mechanism of 201Tl uptake in tumours Sehweil AM et al. 1989 Eur J Nucl Med. 1989;15(7):376-9. doi: 10.1007/BF00449228.
   217. Ouabain sensitizes tumor cells but not normal cells to radiation Lawrence TS et al. 1988 Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988 Oct;15(4):953-8. doi: 10.1016/0360-3016(88)90132-0.
   218. Subchronic treatment with vanadate does not potentiate the toxicity of cardiac glycosides MacDonald E et al. 1988 Biol Trace Elem Res. 1988 Aug;16(3):177-88. doi: 10.1007/BF02797134.
   219. Reduction of doxorubicin cytotoxicity by ouabain: correlation with topoisomerase-induced DNA strand breakage in human and hamster cells Lawrence TS et al. 1988 Cancer Res. 1988 Feb 1;48(3):725-30.
   220. Parallelism between transport inhibition and L1210 cell growth by ouabain Rhee HM et al. 1988 Adv Exp Med Biol. 1988;222:727-34. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9510-6_89.
   221. Effects of ouabain on NIH/3T3 cells transformed with retroviral oncogenes and on human tumor cell lines Tagliaferri P et al. 1987 Int J Cancer. 1987 Nov 15;40(5):653-8. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910400514.
   222. Rapid changes in bidirectional K+ fluxes preceding DMSO-induced granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 human leukemic cells Gargus JJ et al. 1984 J Cell Physiol. 1984 Jul;120(1):83-90. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041200112.
   223. Manifestation of K+ transport alterations in cultured tumour cells of mice Latzkovits L et al. 1983 Acta Chir Hung. 1983;24(4):287-94.
   224. Studies on the urotoxicity of oxazaphosphorine cytostatics and its prevention–III. Profile of action of sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (mesna) Brock N et al. 1982 Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1982 Dec;18(12):1377-87. doi: 10.1016/0277-5379(82)90143-2.
   225. The binding of ouabain to normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemic lymphocytes Wiley JS et al. 1979 Blood. 1979 Nov;54(5):994-1000.
   226. Mechanism of monensin-induced hyperpolarization of neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid NG108-15 Lichtshtein D et al. 1979 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Jun;76(6):2580-4. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.6.2580.
   227. Evaluation of cardiac activity and pharmacokinetic analysis of 3H-adriamycin in patients pretreated with beta-methyldigoxin Di Fronzo G et al. 1979 Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1979;2(3):169-73. doi: 10.1007/BF00258290.
   228. Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity: possible role of digoxin in its prevention Guthrie D et al. 1977 Br Med J. 1977 Dec 3;2(6100):1447-9. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6100.1447.